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INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES OF NEPAL: A STUDY OF PREVENTION BARRIERS AND PRESERVATION STRATEGIES
Corresponding Author(s) : Min Pun
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): July
Abstract
Purpose of the study: In Nepal, indigenous languages are in danger of disappearing and if the situation does not improve, the dying trend will continue to increase in the future. Thus, this paper aims to explore barriers to indigenous language activities and strategies for revitalizing these dying languages of Nepal.
Methodology: To address this objective, the study adopted the qualitative research method, using the data collected from the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and secondary sources such as the existing literature through print and online sources. The results were presented thematically and discussed for qualitative analysis.
Main findings: The overall results of the study indicated that an inclusive language policy should be adopted by the government to accommodate indigenous languages of Nepal, indigenous language communities should be encouraged by the government to insist on speaking their languages, and language communities are also required to collaborate with the government to address the issues related to improving the preservation and promotion of indigenous languages of Nepal.
Applications of this study: The outcome of this particular research can be a beneficial act for engaging indigenous communities of Nepal in language revival and protecting threatened languages from extinction. It is the responsibility of the researchers that are expected by each of various indigenous language communities in particular and the Nepali society at large.
Novelty/Originality of this Study: Indigenous languages are often considered by many as 'heritage languages' and are used to describe languages that are often in the endangered list. No studies are found on the use of indigenous languages and language revival efforts in the study area such as barriers that prevented indigenous language groups from participating in language activities and ways that can preserve and promote such dying languages in the study area.
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- Baez, G.P. (2018). Linguistic diversity, language vitality and the advancement of linguistics as a science. ACTA Linguistica Hafniensia, 50(2), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/03740463.2018.1434730
- Becerra-Lubies, R., Mayo, S., & Fones, A. (2019). Revitalization of indigenous languages and cultures: Critical review of preschool bilingual educational policies in Chile (2007-2016). International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2018.1563584
- Brenzinger, M. (2008). Language endangerment throughout the world. In M. Brenzinger (Ed.), Language diversity endangered (pp. ix-xviii). Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110905694-002
- Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). (2012). National population and housing census 2011 (National report). CBS. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/census/documents/Nepal/Nepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf
- Crystal, D. 2000. Language death. Cambridge University Press.
- Department of Education, Government of Nepal. (2001). A study on bilingual education. http://www.doe.gov.np/assets/uploads/files/62d3fb33094586b0cfd22028a25bb2da.pdf
- Department of English Education, Faculty of Education, TU. (2011). Multilingual education in Nepal: Hearsay and reality? UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000214861
- Driem, G.V. (2008). Endangered languages of South Asia. In M. Brenzinger (Ed.), Language diversity endangered (pp. 303-341). Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110905694-016
- Eagle, S. (Online, 2010). The language situation in Nepal. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 20(4-5), 272-327. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434639908666382
- Eisenlohr, P. (2004). Language revitalization and new technologies: Cultures of electronic mediation and the refiguring of communities. Annual Review Anthropology, 33, 21-45. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143900
- Gerdts, D.B. (2017). Indigenous linguists: Bringing research into language revitalization. International Journal of American Linguistics, 83(4), 607-617. https://doi.org/10.1086/693763
- Giri, R.A. (2011). Languages and language politics: How invisible language politics produces visible results in Nepal. Language Problems & Language Planning, 35(3), 197-221. https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.35.3.01gir
- Gorter, D., Cenoz, J., Nunes, P., Riganti, P., Onofri, L., Puzzo, B., & Sachdeva, R. (2006). Cultural diversity as an asset for human welfare and development: Benefits of linguistic diversity and multilingualism. Sustainable Development in a Diverse World (Sus.div), Position Paper of Research Task 1.2 (pp. 1-45).
- Hale, K. (1998). On endangered languages and the importance of linguistic diversity. In L.A. Grenoble & L.J. Whaley (Eds.), Endangered languages: Language loss and community response (pp. 192-216). Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139166959.009
- Henne-Ochoa, R. (2018). Sustaining and revitalizing traditional indigenous ways of speaking: An ethnography-of-speaking approach. Language & Communication, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2018.07.002
- Hinton, L. (2011). Language revitalization and language pedagogy: New teaching and learning strategies. Language and Education, 25(4), 307-318. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2011.577220
- Iseke-Barnes, J.M. (2004). Politics and power of languages: Indigenous resistance to colonizing experiences of language dominance. Journal of Thought, 39(1), 45-81. https://doi.org/10.2307/42589774
- Jacob, W.J. (2015). How to avoid macroaggressions and microaggressions that lead toward indigenous language annihilation. In W.J. Jacob, S.Y. Cheng, & M.K. Porter (Eds.), Indigenous education: Language, culture and identity (pp. 127-138). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9355-1_4
- Jacob, W.J., Liu, J., & Lee, C.W. (2015). Policy debates and indigenous education: The trialectic of language, culture, and identity. In W.J. Jacob, S.Y. Cheng, & M.K. Porter (Eds.), Indigenous education: Language, culture and identity (pp. 39-62). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9355-1_2
- Kadel, P. (2017). Reviewing multilingual education in Nepal. In H. Coleman (Ed.), Multilingualisms and development (pp. 189-204). British Council.
- Khadka, A., Chaudhary, T., Magar, K.J., Chaudhary, A., & Pokhrel, R. (2006). Literacies from a multilingual perspective: Learning from Tharu, Tamang, Newar, and Limbu language communities of Nepal. UNESCO.
- Krauss, M. (1992). The world's languages in crisis. Language, 68(1), 4-10. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.1992.0075
- Littlebear, R. (1999). Some rare and radical ideas for keeping indigenous languages alive. In J. Reyhner, G. Cantoni, R.N. St. Clair, & E.P. Yazzie (Eds.), Revitalizing indigenous languages (pp. 1-7). Northern Arizona University. http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/RIL.pdf
- Magwa, W. (2015). Attitudes towards the use of indigenous African languages as languages of instruction in education: A case of Zimbabwe. Journal of Educational Policy and Entrepreneurial Research (JEPER), 2(1), 1-16. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEPER/issue/view/1625
- Majzub, R.M., R.M. & Rais, M.M. (2011). Perceptions of students and lecturers on the preservation of endangered languages. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 18771677-1683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.351
- Melton, J. (2003). Preserving indigenous languages: The heart of Native America. University of Wisconsin-Superior McNair Scholars Journal, 4, 69-80. https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/75818/
- Miyashita, M. & Moll, L.A. (1999). Enhancing language material availability using computers. In J. Reyhner, G. Cantoni, R.N. St. Clair, & E.P. Yazzie (Eds.), Revitalizing indigenous languages (pp. 113-116). Northern Arizona University. http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/RIL.pdf
- Ogunlola, L. (2015). Barriers to indigenous language learning and their use in Nigerian schools: The Yoruba language experience. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 2(1), 469-485. https://www.ijhcs.com/index.php/ijhcs/article/view/328
- Penfield, S.D. & Tucker, B.V. (2011). From documenting to revitalizing an endangered language: Where do applied linguists fit? Language and Education, 25(4), 291-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2011.577219
- Phyak, P. & Ojha, L.P. (2019). Language education policy and inequalities of multilingualism in Nepal. In A. Kirkpatrick & A.J. Liddicoat (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of language education policy in Asia (pp. 341-354. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315666235-24
- Phyak, P. (2016). Local-global tension in the ideological construction of English language education policy in Nepal. In R. Kirkpatrick (Ed.), English language education policy in Asia (Vol. 11, pp. 199-217). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22464-0_9
- Piller, I. & Takahashi, K. (2011). Linguistic diversity and social inclusion. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 14(4), 371-381. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2011.573062
- Pun, M. & Gurung, K. (2020). Languages in danger: How can linguistic diversity be preserved and promoted in Nepal? The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 6(5), 503-511. https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.65.503.511
- Pun, M. (2019). Federalism and linguistic diversity: Preserving endangered languages in Nepal. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 24(9), 19-23. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2409071923
- Pun, M.B. (2014). Language death in Nepal: The case of indigenous peoples with reference to Magar tongue. Journal of Indigenous Nationalities, 13(5), 88-125.
- Regmi, D.R. (2011). Linguistic surveys in Nepal: A glimpse. T.U. Bulletin Special 2011-12, 46-56.
- Regmi, D.R. (2017). Convalescing the endangered languages in Nepal: Policy, practice and challenges. Gipan, 3(1), 139-149. https://www.academia.edu/40939107/
- Rice, S. (2017). The study of indigenous languages. In B. Dancygier (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of cognitive linguistics (pp. 39-58). Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316339732.004
- Romaine, S. (2007). Preserving endangered languages. Language and Linguistics Compass, 1(1-2), 115-132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818x.2007.00004.x
- Saud, M.S. (2019). Linguistic diversity in the English-medium instruction classroom in Nepal: Challenge or chance. International Journal of English Language Education, 7(1), 70-83. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijele.v7i1.14887
- Thorpe, K. & Galassi, M. (2014). Rediscovering indigenous languages: The role and impact of libraries and archives in cultural revitalization. Australian Academic & Research Libraries, 45(2), 81-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048623.2014.910858
- Turin, M. (2007). Linguistic diversity and the preservation of endangered languages: A case study from Nepal. ICIMOD. https://lib.icimod.org/record/7884
- Upadhyay, S.K. & Hasnain, S.I. (2017). Linguistic diversity and biodiversity. Lingua, 195, 110-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2017.06.002
- Watters, D.E. & Rai, N.K. (2005). Indigenous languages of Nepal (ILN): Policy, planning & recommendations. In Y.P. Yadava & M. Turin (Eds.), The indigenous languages of Nepal (ILN): Situation, policy planning and coordination (pp. 55-63). National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities (NFDIN). http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/projectteam/turin/downloads/Indigenous_Languages_Nepal.pdf
- Watters, S. & Tuladhar, N.M. (2005). Indigenous languages of Nepal: Capacity building, institutional support and coordination. In Y.P. Yadava & M. Turin (Eds.), The indigenous languages of Nepal (ILN): Situation, policy planning and coordination (pp. 74-83). National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities (NFDIN). http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/projectteam/turin/downloads/Indigenous_ Languages_Nepal.pdf
- Wigglesworth, G. & Simpson, J. (2018). Going to school in a different world. In G. Wigglesworth, J. Simpson, and & J. Vaughan (Eds.), Language practices of indigenous children and youth: The transition from home to school (pp. 1-21). Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60120-9_1
- Wotherspoon, T. (2015). Formal and informal indigenous education. In W.J. Jacob, S.Y. Cheng, & M.K. Porter (Eds.), Indigenous education: Language, culture and identity (pp. 77-98). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9355-1_4
- Xotta, F. (2018). The importance of preserving indigenous languages: The case of Guarani. Universita degli Studi di Padova.
- Yadava, Y.P. & Turin, M. (2005). Indigenous languages of Nepal: A critical analysis of the linguistic situation and contemporary issues. In Y.P. Yadava & M. Turin (Eds.), The indigenous languages of Nepal (ILN): Situation, policy planning and coordination (pp. 6-46). National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities (NFDIN). http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/projectteam/turin/downloads/Indigenou s_Languages_Nepal.pdf
- Yadava, Y.P. (2014). Language use in Nepal. Population monograph of Nepal (Vol. 2, pp. 51-72). Central Bureau of Statistics. https://un.info.np/Net/NeoDocs/View/3231
- Yoshioka, H. (2010). Indigenous language usage and maintenance patterns among indigenous people in the era of neoliberal multiculturalism in Mexico and Guatemala. Latin American Research Review, 45(3), 5-34. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40926268
References
Baez, G.P. (2018). Linguistic diversity, language vitality and the advancement of linguistics as a science. ACTA Linguistica Hafniensia, 50(2), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/03740463.2018.1434730
Becerra-Lubies, R., Mayo, S., & Fones, A. (2019). Revitalization of indigenous languages and cultures: Critical review of preschool bilingual educational policies in Chile (2007-2016). International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2018.1563584
Brenzinger, M. (2008). Language endangerment throughout the world. In M. Brenzinger (Ed.), Language diversity endangered (pp. ix-xviii). Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110905694-002
Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). (2012). National population and housing census 2011 (National report). CBS. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/census/documents/Nepal/Nepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf
Crystal, D. 2000. Language death. Cambridge University Press.
Department of Education, Government of Nepal. (2001). A study on bilingual education. http://www.doe.gov.np/assets/uploads/files/62d3fb33094586b0cfd22028a25bb2da.pdf
Department of English Education, Faculty of Education, TU. (2011). Multilingual education in Nepal: Hearsay and reality? UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000214861
Driem, G.V. (2008). Endangered languages of South Asia. In M. Brenzinger (Ed.), Language diversity endangered (pp. 303-341). Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110905694-016
Eagle, S. (Online, 2010). The language situation in Nepal. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 20(4-5), 272-327. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434639908666382
Eisenlohr, P. (2004). Language revitalization and new technologies: Cultures of electronic mediation and the refiguring of communities. Annual Review Anthropology, 33, 21-45. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143900
Gerdts, D.B. (2017). Indigenous linguists: Bringing research into language revitalization. International Journal of American Linguistics, 83(4), 607-617. https://doi.org/10.1086/693763
Giri, R.A. (2011). Languages and language politics: How invisible language politics produces visible results in Nepal. Language Problems & Language Planning, 35(3), 197-221. https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.35.3.01gir
Gorter, D., Cenoz, J., Nunes, P., Riganti, P., Onofri, L., Puzzo, B., & Sachdeva, R. (2006). Cultural diversity as an asset for human welfare and development: Benefits of linguistic diversity and multilingualism. Sustainable Development in a Diverse World (Sus.div), Position Paper of Research Task 1.2 (pp. 1-45).
Hale, K. (1998). On endangered languages and the importance of linguistic diversity. In L.A. Grenoble & L.J. Whaley (Eds.), Endangered languages: Language loss and community response (pp. 192-216). Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139166959.009
Henne-Ochoa, R. (2018). Sustaining and revitalizing traditional indigenous ways of speaking: An ethnography-of-speaking approach. Language & Communication, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2018.07.002
Hinton, L. (2011). Language revitalization and language pedagogy: New teaching and learning strategies. Language and Education, 25(4), 307-318. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2011.577220
Iseke-Barnes, J.M. (2004). Politics and power of languages: Indigenous resistance to colonizing experiences of language dominance. Journal of Thought, 39(1), 45-81. https://doi.org/10.2307/42589774
Jacob, W.J. (2015). How to avoid macroaggressions and microaggressions that lead toward indigenous language annihilation. In W.J. Jacob, S.Y. Cheng, & M.K. Porter (Eds.), Indigenous education: Language, culture and identity (pp. 127-138). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9355-1_4
Jacob, W.J., Liu, J., & Lee, C.W. (2015). Policy debates and indigenous education: The trialectic of language, culture, and identity. In W.J. Jacob, S.Y. Cheng, & M.K. Porter (Eds.), Indigenous education: Language, culture and identity (pp. 39-62). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9355-1_2
Kadel, P. (2017). Reviewing multilingual education in Nepal. In H. Coleman (Ed.), Multilingualisms and development (pp. 189-204). British Council.
Khadka, A., Chaudhary, T., Magar, K.J., Chaudhary, A., & Pokhrel, R. (2006). Literacies from a multilingual perspective: Learning from Tharu, Tamang, Newar, and Limbu language communities of Nepal. UNESCO.
Krauss, M. (1992). The world's languages in crisis. Language, 68(1), 4-10. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.1992.0075
Littlebear, R. (1999). Some rare and radical ideas for keeping indigenous languages alive. In J. Reyhner, G. Cantoni, R.N. St. Clair, & E.P. Yazzie (Eds.), Revitalizing indigenous languages (pp. 1-7). Northern Arizona University. http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/RIL.pdf
Magwa, W. (2015). Attitudes towards the use of indigenous African languages as languages of instruction in education: A case of Zimbabwe. Journal of Educational Policy and Entrepreneurial Research (JEPER), 2(1), 1-16. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEPER/issue/view/1625
Majzub, R.M., R.M. & Rais, M.M. (2011). Perceptions of students and lecturers on the preservation of endangered languages. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 18771677-1683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.351
Melton, J. (2003). Preserving indigenous languages: The heart of Native America. University of Wisconsin-Superior McNair Scholars Journal, 4, 69-80. https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/75818/
Miyashita, M. & Moll, L.A. (1999). Enhancing language material availability using computers. In J. Reyhner, G. Cantoni, R.N. St. Clair, & E.P. Yazzie (Eds.), Revitalizing indigenous languages (pp. 113-116). Northern Arizona University. http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/RIL.pdf
Ogunlola, L. (2015). Barriers to indigenous language learning and their use in Nigerian schools: The Yoruba language experience. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 2(1), 469-485. https://www.ijhcs.com/index.php/ijhcs/article/view/328
Penfield, S.D. & Tucker, B.V. (2011). From documenting to revitalizing an endangered language: Where do applied linguists fit? Language and Education, 25(4), 291-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2011.577219
Phyak, P. & Ojha, L.P. (2019). Language education policy and inequalities of multilingualism in Nepal. In A. Kirkpatrick & A.J. Liddicoat (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of language education policy in Asia (pp. 341-354. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315666235-24
Phyak, P. (2016). Local-global tension in the ideological construction of English language education policy in Nepal. In R. Kirkpatrick (Ed.), English language education policy in Asia (Vol. 11, pp. 199-217). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22464-0_9
Piller, I. & Takahashi, K. (2011). Linguistic diversity and social inclusion. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 14(4), 371-381. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2011.573062
Pun, M. & Gurung, K. (2020). Languages in danger: How can linguistic diversity be preserved and promoted in Nepal? The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 6(5), 503-511. https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.65.503.511
Pun, M. (2019). Federalism and linguistic diversity: Preserving endangered languages in Nepal. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 24(9), 19-23. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2409071923
Pun, M.B. (2014). Language death in Nepal: The case of indigenous peoples with reference to Magar tongue. Journal of Indigenous Nationalities, 13(5), 88-125.
Regmi, D.R. (2011). Linguistic surveys in Nepal: A glimpse. T.U. Bulletin Special 2011-12, 46-56.
Regmi, D.R. (2017). Convalescing the endangered languages in Nepal: Policy, practice and challenges. Gipan, 3(1), 139-149. https://www.academia.edu/40939107/
Rice, S. (2017). The study of indigenous languages. In B. Dancygier (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of cognitive linguistics (pp. 39-58). Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316339732.004
Romaine, S. (2007). Preserving endangered languages. Language and Linguistics Compass, 1(1-2), 115-132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818x.2007.00004.x
Saud, M.S. (2019). Linguistic diversity in the English-medium instruction classroom in Nepal: Challenge or chance. International Journal of English Language Education, 7(1), 70-83. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijele.v7i1.14887
Thorpe, K. & Galassi, M. (2014). Rediscovering indigenous languages: The role and impact of libraries and archives in cultural revitalization. Australian Academic & Research Libraries, 45(2), 81-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048623.2014.910858
Turin, M. (2007). Linguistic diversity and the preservation of endangered languages: A case study from Nepal. ICIMOD. https://lib.icimod.org/record/7884
Upadhyay, S.K. & Hasnain, S.I. (2017). Linguistic diversity and biodiversity. Lingua, 195, 110-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2017.06.002
Watters, D.E. & Rai, N.K. (2005). Indigenous languages of Nepal (ILN): Policy, planning & recommendations. In Y.P. Yadava & M. Turin (Eds.), The indigenous languages of Nepal (ILN): Situation, policy planning and coordination (pp. 55-63). National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities (NFDIN). http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/projectteam/turin/downloads/Indigenous_Languages_Nepal.pdf
Watters, S. & Tuladhar, N.M. (2005). Indigenous languages of Nepal: Capacity building, institutional support and coordination. In Y.P. Yadava & M. Turin (Eds.), The indigenous languages of Nepal (ILN): Situation, policy planning and coordination (pp. 74-83). National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities (NFDIN). http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/projectteam/turin/downloads/Indigenous_ Languages_Nepal.pdf
Wigglesworth, G. & Simpson, J. (2018). Going to school in a different world. In G. Wigglesworth, J. Simpson, and & J. Vaughan (Eds.), Language practices of indigenous children and youth: The transition from home to school (pp. 1-21). Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60120-9_1
Wotherspoon, T. (2015). Formal and informal indigenous education. In W.J. Jacob, S.Y. Cheng, & M.K. Porter (Eds.), Indigenous education: Language, culture and identity (pp. 77-98). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9355-1_4
Xotta, F. (2018). The importance of preserving indigenous languages: The case of Guarani. Universita degli Studi di Padova.
Yadava, Y.P. & Turin, M. (2005). Indigenous languages of Nepal: A critical analysis of the linguistic situation and contemporary issues. In Y.P. Yadava & M. Turin (Eds.), The indigenous languages of Nepal (ILN): Situation, policy planning and coordination (pp. 6-46). National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities (NFDIN). http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/projectteam/turin/downloads/Indigenou s_Languages_Nepal.pdf
Yadava, Y.P. (2014). Language use in Nepal. Population monograph of Nepal (Vol. 2, pp. 51-72). Central Bureau of Statistics. https://un.info.np/Net/NeoDocs/View/3231
Yoshioka, H. (2010). Indigenous language usage and maintenance patterns among indigenous people in the era of neoliberal multiculturalism in Mexico and Guatemala. Latin American Research Review, 45(3), 5-34. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40926268
Funding data
-
University Grants Commission- Nepal
Grant numbers FRG-73/74-H&S-02