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GENEROSITY LINKED TO SPIRITUALITY, RESILIENCE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG YOUTH: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF GOODNESS
Corresponding Author(s) : Najma Iqbal Malik
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): March
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This exploration was intended to check the link of generosity upon resilience, spirituality, and psychological adjustment among youth.
Methodology: Purposive sample of volunteer Youth workers (N = 175) of welfare and charity organizations from three major Pakistani cities (age range 19 to 28 years both male and female) were part of the study. International Personality Item Pool scale; sub-constructs of Generosity and Spirituality from Values in Action scale, Psychological Well-Being (PWB), and the Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were used to measure concepts in the current exploration. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 version. Pearson correlation was used to check correlation among variables. The prediction was checked through linear regression. Lastly, an independent sample t-test was used to analyze demographics.
Main Findings: Significant positive relationship of generosity with spirituality, resilience, and psychological well-being among youth was found. Spirituality was positively predicted by generosity; whereas psychological wellbeing was positively predicted by resilience. Female youth had high generosity and was more resilient but spirituality and psychological well-being were the same across genders. Youth from joint families was more generous and resilient than those from nuclear families.
Implications of this study: Study findings have sound practical implications for policymakers, community activists, and social / health psychologists to understand the generosity phenomena and how it can be vital for building a sustainable and progressive community. Suggestions for future researchers along with present study limitations have also been discussed.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This is empirical research and all the data is based upon natural human behavior without any manipulation.
Keywords
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- Ahrens, C. E., Abeling, S., Ahmad, S., & Hinman, J. (2010). Spirituality and well-being: The relationship between religious coping and recovery from sexual assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(7), 1242-1263. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509340533 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509340533
- Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanisms in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
- Bonelli, R. M., & Koenig, H. G. (2013). Mental disorders, religion and spirituality 1990 to 2010: A systematic evidence-based review. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(2), 657-673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-013-9691-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-013-9691-4
- Choudhry, F. R., Khan, T. M., Park, M. S. A., & Golden, K. J. (2018). Mental health conceptualization and resilience factors in the Kalasha youth: an indigenous ethnic and religious minority community in Pakistan. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 187. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00187 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00187
- Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
- Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R., & Lee, L. C. (2003). Spirituality, resilience, and anger in survivors of violent trauma: A community survey. Journal of traumatic stress, 16(5), 487-494. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025762512279 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025762512279
- Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00501001.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00501001.x
- Durrant, R., & Poppelwell, Z. (2017). Religion, Crime, and Punishment: An Evolutionary Perspective. Pp. 55-88. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64428-8_3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64428-8_3
- Emmons, R. A. (2000). Spirituality and intelligence: Problems and prospects. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1001_6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1001_6
- Hafeez, A. & Rafique, R. (2013). Spirituality and religiosity as predictors of psychological well-being in residents of old homes. The Dialogue, 8(3), 285-301.
- Hasan, H., & Ejaz, N. (2018). Testing for Differences Across Genders: Evidence from Ultimatum Game. The Pakistan Development Review, 57(3), 333-349. https://doi.org/10.30541/v57i3pp.333-349 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30541/v57i3pp.333-349
- Hampel, P., & Petermann, F. (2005). Age and gender effects on coping in children and adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(2), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-3207-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-3207-9
- James, A. G., & Mark A. F. (2015). Relations between youths’ conceptions of spirituality and their developmental outcomes. Journal of Adolescence, 43, 171–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.05.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.05.014
- Joshanloo, M. & Daemi, F. (2015). Self-esteem mediates the relationship between spirituality and subjective well-being in Iran. International Journal of Psychology, 50(2), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12061
- King, M., Marston, L., McManus, S., Brugha, T., Meltzer, H., & Bebbington, P. (2013). Religion, spirituality and mental health: Results from a national study of English households. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(1), 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.112003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.112003
- Koenig H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: the research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry, 2012, 278730. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730
- Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Handbook of religion and health. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118667.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118667.001.0001
- Koenig, L. B., & Vaillant, G. E. (2009). A prospective study of church attendance and health over the lifespan. Health Psychology, 28(1), 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012984 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012984
- Laurent, B., Nazareth, I., Bellon-Saame ´ no, J., Geerlings, M. I., Maaroos, H., Saldivia, S., . . . King, M. (2013). Spiritual and religious beliefs as risk factors for the onset of major depression: An international cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 43(10), 2109-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712003066
- Lucchetti G., Lucchetti A. L., Peres M. F., Moreira-Almeida A., Koenig H. G. (2012). Religiousness, health, and depression in older adults from a brazilian military setting. ISRN Psychiatry. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/940747
- Maselko, J., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2006). Gender differences in religious practices, spiritual experiences, and health: results from the US General Social Survey. Social Science and Medicine, 62(11), 2848-2860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.008
- McCaffrey, A. M., Eisenberg, D. M., Legedza, A. T. R., Davis, R. B., & Phillips, R. S. (2004). Prayer for health concerns. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164, 858-862. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.8.858 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.8.858
- McIntosh, D. N., Poulin, M. J., Silver, R. C., & Holman, E. A. (2011). The distinct roles of spirituality and religiosity in physical and mental health after collective trauma: A national longitudinal study of responses to the 9/11 attacks. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 34(6), 497-507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9331-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9331-y
- Mesch, D. J., Rooney, P. M., Steinberg, K. S. & Denton, B. (2006). The effects of race, gender, and marital status on giving and volunteering in Indiana, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 35 (4), 565-587. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006288288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006288288
- Miller, W. R., & Thoresen, C. E. (2003). Spirituality, religion, and health: An emerging research field. American Psychologist, 58(1), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.24
- Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press
- Piper, G., & Schnepf, S. V. (2007). Gender differences in charitable giving. Discussion Paper No. 3242. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Germany.
- Prajapati, R. O. (2013). The psychological well-being among joint and nuclear families: A comparative study. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 01(01), 47-53. https://doi.org/10.25215/0101.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25215/0101.005
- Rajeev, S. P., & Kunjachan, D. (2014). Building family resilience: A social work approach. International Journal of Social Work and Human Services, 2(6), 250-255.
- Rich, A. (2012). Gender and spirituality: Are women more spiritual? Unpublished Honors Program dissertation, Liberty University.
- Ruffle, B. J., & Sosis, R. (2006). Cooperation and the in-group-out-group bias: A field test on Israeli kibbutz members and city residents. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 60 (2),147-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2004.07.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2004.07.007
- Ryff, C., & Keyes, C. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
- Sablosky, R. (2014). Does Religion Foster Generosity? The Social Science Journal, 51(4). Atlanta: Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2014.03.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2014.03.012
- Seybold, K. S., & Hill, P. C. (2001). The role of religion and spirituality in mental and physical health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(1), 21-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00106
- Shaheen, F. (2016). A study of spirituality and social support in relation to depression among adolescents. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(2), 181-186.
- Smith, C., & Hill, J. P. (2009). Toward the measurement of interpersonal generosity (IG): An IG scale conceptualized, tested, and validated. http://generosityresearch.nd.edu/assets/13798/ig_ paper_smith_hill_rev.pdf
- Sternthal, M. J., Williams, D. R., Musick, M. A., & Buck, A. C. (2010). Depression, anxiety, and religious life: A search for mediators. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(3), 343- 359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510378237 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510378237
- Southwick, S. M., Sippel, L., Krystal, J., Charney, D., Mayes, L., & Pietrzak, R. (2016). Why are some individuals more resilient than others: the role of social support. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20282 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20282
- Sun, J. & Stewart, D. (2014). Age and gender effects on resilience in children and adolescents. School of Public Health, Logan Campus, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, Queensland 4131, Australia.
- Townsend, C., Aktipis, A. Balliet, D., Cronk, L. (2020). Generosity among the Ik of Uganda. Evolutionary Human Sciences, 2(23), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2020.22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2020.22
- Van Dyke, C. J., Glenwick, D. S., Cecero, J. J., & Kim, S. K. (2009). The relationship of religious coping and spirituality to adjustment and psychological distress in urban early adolescents. Mental Health, Religion, and Culture, 12(4), 369-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670902737723 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670902737723
- Vigna, S. D., List, J. A., Malmendier, U., & Rao, G. (2013). The importance of being marginal: Gender differences in generosity. Working Paper 18748 by National Bureau of Economic Research,1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138.
- Vinayak, S., & Judge, J. (2018). Resilience and empathy as predictors of psychological wellbeing among adolescents. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 8(4), 192-200.
- Wilson, J. A. (1956). The Culture of Ancient Egypt. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226148229.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226148229.001.0001
- Walsh, F. (2020). Loss and resilience in the time of COVIDâ€19: Meaning-making, hope, and transcendence. Family Process, 59(3), 898-911. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12588 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12588
References
Ahrens, C. E., Abeling, S., Ahmad, S., & Hinman, J. (2010). Spirituality and well-being: The relationship between religious coping and recovery from sexual assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(7), 1242-1263. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509340533 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509340533
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanisms in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
Bonelli, R. M., & Koenig, H. G. (2013). Mental disorders, religion and spirituality 1990 to 2010: A systematic evidence-based review. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(2), 657-673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-013-9691-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-013-9691-4
Choudhry, F. R., Khan, T. M., Park, M. S. A., & Golden, K. J. (2018). Mental health conceptualization and resilience factors in the Kalasha youth: an indigenous ethnic and religious minority community in Pakistan. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 187. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00187 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00187
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R., & Lee, L. C. (2003). Spirituality, resilience, and anger in survivors of violent trauma: A community survey. Journal of traumatic stress, 16(5), 487-494. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025762512279 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025762512279
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00501001.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00501001.x
Durrant, R., & Poppelwell, Z. (2017). Religion, Crime, and Punishment: An Evolutionary Perspective. Pp. 55-88. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64428-8_3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64428-8_3
Emmons, R. A. (2000). Spirituality and intelligence: Problems and prospects. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1001_6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1001_6
Hafeez, A. & Rafique, R. (2013). Spirituality and religiosity as predictors of psychological well-being in residents of old homes. The Dialogue, 8(3), 285-301.
Hasan, H., & Ejaz, N. (2018). Testing for Differences Across Genders: Evidence from Ultimatum Game. The Pakistan Development Review, 57(3), 333-349. https://doi.org/10.30541/v57i3pp.333-349 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30541/v57i3pp.333-349
Hampel, P., & Petermann, F. (2005). Age and gender effects on coping in children and adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(2), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-3207-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-3207-9
James, A. G., & Mark A. F. (2015). Relations between youths’ conceptions of spirituality and their developmental outcomes. Journal of Adolescence, 43, 171–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.05.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.05.014
Joshanloo, M. & Daemi, F. (2015). Self-esteem mediates the relationship between spirituality and subjective well-being in Iran. International Journal of Psychology, 50(2), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12061
King, M., Marston, L., McManus, S., Brugha, T., Meltzer, H., & Bebbington, P. (2013). Religion, spirituality and mental health: Results from a national study of English households. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(1), 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.112003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.112003
Koenig H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: the research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry, 2012, 278730. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730
Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Handbook of religion and health. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118667.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118667.001.0001
Koenig, L. B., & Vaillant, G. E. (2009). A prospective study of church attendance and health over the lifespan. Health Psychology, 28(1), 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012984 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012984
Laurent, B., Nazareth, I., Bellon-Saame ´ no, J., Geerlings, M. I., Maaroos, H., Saldivia, S., . . . King, M. (2013). Spiritual and religious beliefs as risk factors for the onset of major depression: An international cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 43(10), 2109-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712003066
Lucchetti G., Lucchetti A. L., Peres M. F., Moreira-Almeida A., Koenig H. G. (2012). Religiousness, health, and depression in older adults from a brazilian military setting. ISRN Psychiatry. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/940747
Maselko, J., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2006). Gender differences in religious practices, spiritual experiences, and health: results from the US General Social Survey. Social Science and Medicine, 62(11), 2848-2860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.008
McCaffrey, A. M., Eisenberg, D. M., Legedza, A. T. R., Davis, R. B., & Phillips, R. S. (2004). Prayer for health concerns. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164, 858-862. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.8.858 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.8.858
McIntosh, D. N., Poulin, M. J., Silver, R. C., & Holman, E. A. (2011). The distinct roles of spirituality and religiosity in physical and mental health after collective trauma: A national longitudinal study of responses to the 9/11 attacks. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 34(6), 497-507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9331-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9331-y
Mesch, D. J., Rooney, P. M., Steinberg, K. S. & Denton, B. (2006). The effects of race, gender, and marital status on giving and volunteering in Indiana, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 35 (4), 565-587. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006288288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006288288
Miller, W. R., & Thoresen, C. E. (2003). Spirituality, religion, and health: An emerging research field. American Psychologist, 58(1), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.24
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press
Piper, G., & Schnepf, S. V. (2007). Gender differences in charitable giving. Discussion Paper No. 3242. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Germany.
Prajapati, R. O. (2013). The psychological well-being among joint and nuclear families: A comparative study. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 01(01), 47-53. https://doi.org/10.25215/0101.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25215/0101.005
Rajeev, S. P., & Kunjachan, D. (2014). Building family resilience: A social work approach. International Journal of Social Work and Human Services, 2(6), 250-255.
Rich, A. (2012). Gender and spirituality: Are women more spiritual? Unpublished Honors Program dissertation, Liberty University.
Ruffle, B. J., & Sosis, R. (2006). Cooperation and the in-group-out-group bias: A field test on Israeli kibbutz members and city residents. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 60 (2),147-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2004.07.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2004.07.007
Ryff, C., & Keyes, C. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
Sablosky, R. (2014). Does Religion Foster Generosity? The Social Science Journal, 51(4). Atlanta: Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2014.03.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2014.03.012
Seybold, K. S., & Hill, P. C. (2001). The role of religion and spirituality in mental and physical health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(1), 21-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00106
Shaheen, F. (2016). A study of spirituality and social support in relation to depression among adolescents. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(2), 181-186.
Smith, C., & Hill, J. P. (2009). Toward the measurement of interpersonal generosity (IG): An IG scale conceptualized, tested, and validated. http://generosityresearch.nd.edu/assets/13798/ig_ paper_smith_hill_rev.pdf
Sternthal, M. J., Williams, D. R., Musick, M. A., & Buck, A. C. (2010). Depression, anxiety, and religious life: A search for mediators. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(3), 343- 359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510378237 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510378237
Southwick, S. M., Sippel, L., Krystal, J., Charney, D., Mayes, L., & Pietrzak, R. (2016). Why are some individuals more resilient than others: the role of social support. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20282 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20282
Sun, J. & Stewart, D. (2014). Age and gender effects on resilience in children and adolescents. School of Public Health, Logan Campus, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, Queensland 4131, Australia.
Townsend, C., Aktipis, A. Balliet, D., Cronk, L. (2020). Generosity among the Ik of Uganda. Evolutionary Human Sciences, 2(23), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2020.22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2020.22
Van Dyke, C. J., Glenwick, D. S., Cecero, J. J., & Kim, S. K. (2009). The relationship of religious coping and spirituality to adjustment and psychological distress in urban early adolescents. Mental Health, Religion, and Culture, 12(4), 369-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670902737723 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670902737723
Vigna, S. D., List, J. A., Malmendier, U., & Rao, G. (2013). The importance of being marginal: Gender differences in generosity. Working Paper 18748 by National Bureau of Economic Research,1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138.
Vinayak, S., & Judge, J. (2018). Resilience and empathy as predictors of psychological wellbeing among adolescents. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 8(4), 192-200.
Wilson, J. A. (1956). The Culture of Ancient Egypt. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226148229.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226148229.001.0001
Walsh, F. (2020). Loss and resilience in the time of COVIDâ€19: Meaning-making, hope, and transcendence. Family Process, 59(3), 898-911. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12588 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12588