Authors retain the copyright without restrictions for their published content in this journal. HSSR is a SHERPA ROMEO Green Journal.
Publishing License
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of
FACTORS AFFECTING ENTREPRENEURIAL ATTITUDE OF FEMALE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN PAKISTAN
Corresponding Author(s) : Shahnaz Perveen
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): March
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This research study aims to measure the entrepreneurial attitude of female university students and investigates the factors contributing to the development of entrepreneurial attitude among female students in Pakistan. The core objective of the study was to develop entrepreneurial attitudes among females and make them capable to adopt small-scale businesses.
Methodology: A quantitative approach was employed to measure the entrepreneurial attitude of female students and further exploring different factors affecting the attitude of female students towards adopting the business as a career option. In this study, a survey method was used in which quantitative data on female students’ entrepreneurial attitude and different affecting factors were collected from 2576 female students from eight public sector universities located in Punjab province. The entrepreneurial attitude scale was used as a survey instrument originally developed by Ali, Topping, and Tariq (2011) and further modified by the researchers to measure the entrepreneurial attitude of female students. A factor-based scale was developed to measure the effect of these factors on female students’ entrepreneurial attitudes. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression techniques by using SPSS 16th Version.
Results: Findings of multiple regression analysis exhibits that the role of education is the best contributor to the female students’ entrepreneurial attitude. The other contributing factors are family support, technological assistance, business environment, and social support but their contribution is small whereas government initiatives and legal provisions were not supportive for developing entrepreneurial attitudes among female students.
Applications of this study: This study can be useful for arranging entrepreneurial career development programs for the development of the entrepreneurial attitude among female students and make them capable to start their entrepreneurial endeavours.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The novelty of this study was to investigate the effects of different familial, social, educational, political, environmental, and legal factors on female students’ entrepreneurial attitudes.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Aldrich, H. E. (1990). Using an Ecological Perspective to Study Organizational Founding Rates. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(3), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879001400303 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879001400303
- Ali, A., Topping, K. J., & Tariq, R. H. (2011). Entrepreneurial Attitudes among Potential Entrepreneurs. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 5(1), 12–46. http://www.jespk.net/publications/43.pdf
- Ali, A., Topping, K., Tariq, R. H., & Wakefield, P. (2011). Entrepreneurial Propensity in Pakistan and UK: A comparative study of Pakistani and UK Prospective Teachers. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 5(2), 243–265. http://www.jespk.net/publications/60.pdf
- Ali, I., Tajddini, K., Rehman, K. ur, Ali, awaria F., & Ahmed, I. (2010). University Student’s inclination of Governance, and its Effects on Entrepreneurial Intentions: An Empirical Analysis. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 1(1), 36–39. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJTEF.2010.V1.7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7763/IJTEF.2010.V1.7
- Asian Development Bank. (2014). Asian Development Bank Annual Report 2013 (pp. 1–53). Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/42741/adb-annual-report-2013.pdf
- Autio, E., H. Keeley, R., Klofsten, M., G. C. Parker, G., & Hay, M. (2001). Entrepreneurial Intent among Students in Scandinavia and in the USA. Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 2(2), 145–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/14632440110094632 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14632440110094632
- Bailetti, T. (2012). Technology Entrepreneurship: Overview, Definition, and Distinctive Aspects. Technology Innovation Management Review, 2(2), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/520
- Boone, H. N., & Boone, D. A. (2012). Analyzing Likert Data. The Journal of Extension, 50(2), 1–5. https://archives.joe.org/joe/2012april/pdf/JOE_v50_2tt2.pdf
- Bosma, N., Hill, S., Ionescu-Somers, A., Kelley, D., Levie, J., & Tarnawa, A. (2020). GEM Global Report 2019/2020 (pp. 1–232). Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, London Business School. https://www.babson.edu/media/babson/assets/global-entrepreneurship-monitor/2019-2020-GEM-Global-Report.pdf
- Cho, E., & Kim, S. (2015). Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha: Well Known but Poorly Understood. Organizational Research Methods, 18(2), 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114555994 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114555994
- Cohen, J. (1992). Statistical Power Analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(3), 98–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768783 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768783
- Denanyoh, R., Adjei, K., & Nyemekye, G. E. (2015). Factors That Impact on Entrepreneurial Intention of Tertiary Students in Ghana. International Journal of Business and Social Research, 5(3), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2015.030103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2015.030103
- Esfandiar, K., Sharifi-Tehrani, M., Pratt, S., & Altinay, L. (2019). Understanding entrepreneurial intentions: A developed integrated structural model approach. Journal of Business Research, 94, 172–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.10.045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.10.045
- Gürol, Y., & Atsan, N. (2006). Entrepreneurial characteristics amongst university students: Some insights for entrepreneurship education and training in Turkey. Education + Training, 48(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910610645716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910610645716
- Haque, N. U. (2007). Entrepreneurship in Pakistan (pp. 1–61). Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad. https://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-29.pdf
- Hsu, D. K., Burmeister-Lamp, K., Simmons, S. A., Foo, M.-D., Hong, M. C., & Pipes, J. D. (2019). “I know I can, but I don’t fitâ€: Perceived fit, self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(2), 311–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.08.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.08.004
- International Labor Organization. (2016). Women at work: Trends 2016. International Labor Organization Geneva. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/--publ/documents/publication/w cms_457317.pdf
- Kelley, D. J., Brush, C. G., Greene, P. G., Litovsky, Y., & Global Entrepreneurship Research Association. (2012). Global Entrepreneurship monitor 2012 Women’s Report. Babson College. https://www.babson.edu/me dia/babson/site-assets/content-assets/about/academics/centres-and-institutes/blank-institute/global-research/glo bal-entrepreneurship-monitor/reports/GEM-2012-Womens-Report.pdf
- Kelley, D. J., Singer, S., & Herrington, M. (2011). The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2011 Global Report (pp. 1–38) [Global Reports]. Babson College. https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2011-global-report
- Kinnear, P. R., & Gray, C. D. (2011). IBM SPSS statistics 18 made simple. Psychology Press.
- Kirkwood, J. (2007). Igniting the Entrepreneurial Spirit: Is the Role Parents Play Gendered? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 13, 39–59. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550710725174 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550710725174
- Klapper, L., & Delgado, J. (2007). World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Survey: Data Overview. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1022664 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1022664
- LaguÃa, A., Moriano, J. A., & Gorgievski, M. J. (2019). A psychosocial study of self-perceived creativity and entrepreneurial intentions in a sample of university students. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 31, 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.11.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.11.004
- Lee, S. M., Chang, D., & Lim, S. (2005). Impact of Entrepreneurship Education: A Comparative Study of the U.S. and Korea. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-005-6674-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-005-6674-2
- Linacre, J. M., & Wright, B. D. (2006). A user’s guide to BIGSTEPS: Rasch-model computer program (3rd ed.). Mesa Press. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.639.4296&rep=rep1&type=pdf
- Liu, X., Lin, C., Zhao, G., & Zhao, D. (2019). Research on the Effects of Entrepreneurial Education and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy on College Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(869), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00869 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00869
- Maresch, D., Harms, R., Kailer, N., & Wimmer-Wurm, B. (2016). The impact of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial intention of students in science and engineering versus business studies university programs. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 104, 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.006
- Mian, S. A., & Qureshi, M. S. (2011). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Pakistan Report 2011 (pp. 1–62). Institute of Business Administration Karachi. https://ced.iba.edu.pk/GEM_AR_2011.pdf
- Misoska, A. T., Dimitrova, M., & Mrsik, J. (2016). Drivers of entrepreneurial intentions among business students in Macedonia. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 29(1), 1062–1074. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2016.1211956 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2016.1211956
- Mujahid, N., Shabbir, M. S., & Shahbaz, M. (2016). Labour Market Conditions–Female Labour Supply Nexus: The Role of Globalization in Pakistan. Global Business Review, 17(1), 68–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150915610686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150915610686
- Ndofirepi, T. M. (2020). Relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial goal intentions: Psychological traits as mediators. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-0115-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-0115-x
- Nizami, N. S. (2010). Pakistan Economic Survey 2009-10: Population, Labour Force and Employment. Finance Division, Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan. http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/cha pter_10/16_Population.pdf
- Pakistan Federal Bureau of Statistics. (2005). Economic Census of Pakistan: National report. The Bureau. https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4851390
- Potter, J., & Marchese, M. (2008). A Review of Local Economic and Employment Development Policy Approaches in OECD Countries: Part III Case Studies of Regional Economic Development Approaches (pp. 1–201) [OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers]. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/employment/leed/42771716.pdf
- Poudel, K. P., Carter, R., & Lonial, S. (2019). The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation, Technological Capability, and Consumer Attitude on Firm Performance: A Multiâ€Theory Perspective. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(52), 268–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12471 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12471
- Prodan, I., & Drnovsek, M. (2010). Conceptualizing academic-entrepreneurial intentions: An empirical test. Technovation, 30(5–6), 332–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2010.02.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2010.02.002
- Shabbir, M. S., Shariff, M. N. M., Alshaibani, Y. H., Faisal, M., & Salman, R. (2018). Entrepreneurship and skills development for socioeconomic growth; present landscape and future agenda for Pakistan. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 24(3), 1–12. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/entrepreneurship-and-skills-development-for-socioeconomic-growth-present-landscape-and-future-agenda-for-pakistan-7405.html
- Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, 72–90. https://www.econbiz.de/Record/the-social-dimensions-of-entrepreneurship-shapero-albert/10002821584
- Asian Productivity Organization. (2003). Entrepreneurship and innovation in the knowledge-based economy: Challenges and strategies. Asian Productivity Organization. https://www.apo-tokyo.org/publications/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/ind-06-ei.pdf
- Thomas, A., Passaro, R., & Scandurra, G. (2014). The Perception of the Contextual Factors as Predictor of Entrepreneurial Intent: Evidences from an Empirical Survey. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 22(04), 375–400. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495814500162 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495814500162
- Tripathi, A. (2019). SMEs in Saudi Arabia-an innovative tool for country’s economic growth. Science International, 31(2), 261–267. http://www.sci-int.com/pdf/636897196571439497.edited-2.pdf
- Trivedi, R. (2016). Does university play significant role in shaping entrepreneurial intention? A cross-country comparative analysis. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(3), 790–811. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2015-0149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2015-0149
- Turker, D., & Sonmez Selcuk, S. (2009). Which factors affect the entrepreneurial intention of university students? Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(2), 142–159. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590910939049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590910939049
- Unni, J., & Rani, U. (2003). Social Protection for Informal Workers in India: Insecurities, Instruments and Institutional Mechanisms. Development and Change, 34(1), 127–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00299
- Veciana, J. M., Aponte, M., & Urbano, D. (2005). University Students’ Attitudes Towards Entrepreneurship: A Two Countries Comparison. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(2), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-005-1127-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-005-1127-5
- World Bank. (2007). GEM Country Brief Pakistan 2007. International Finance Corporation; Gender Entrepreneurship Markets.
- World Bank. (2015). Pakistan—Enterprise Survey 2013 (pp. 1–129). The World Bank. https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2363
- World Bank Group. (2015). Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to Equal. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0677-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0677-3
- World Economic Forum. (2020). Global Gender Gap Report 2020. World Economic Forum.
- Xavier, S. R., Kelley, D. J., Kew, J., Herrington, M., & Vorderwülbecke, A. (2012). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (pp. 1–87) [Global Reports]. https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2012-global-report
- Yasin, G., Fani, M. I., & Yaseen, A. (2010). Determinants of gender-based wage discrimination in Pakistan: A confirmatory factor analysis approach. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 55, 177–196.
References
Aldrich, H. E. (1990). Using an Ecological Perspective to Study Organizational Founding Rates. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(3), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879001400303 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879001400303
Ali, A., Topping, K. J., & Tariq, R. H. (2011). Entrepreneurial Attitudes among Potential Entrepreneurs. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 5(1), 12–46. http://www.jespk.net/publications/43.pdf
Ali, A., Topping, K., Tariq, R. H., & Wakefield, P. (2011). Entrepreneurial Propensity in Pakistan and UK: A comparative study of Pakistani and UK Prospective Teachers. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 5(2), 243–265. http://www.jespk.net/publications/60.pdf
Ali, I., Tajddini, K., Rehman, K. ur, Ali, awaria F., & Ahmed, I. (2010). University Student’s inclination of Governance, and its Effects on Entrepreneurial Intentions: An Empirical Analysis. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 1(1), 36–39. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJTEF.2010.V1.7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7763/IJTEF.2010.V1.7
Asian Development Bank. (2014). Asian Development Bank Annual Report 2013 (pp. 1–53). Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/42741/adb-annual-report-2013.pdf
Autio, E., H. Keeley, R., Klofsten, M., G. C. Parker, G., & Hay, M. (2001). Entrepreneurial Intent among Students in Scandinavia and in the USA. Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 2(2), 145–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/14632440110094632 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14632440110094632
Bailetti, T. (2012). Technology Entrepreneurship: Overview, Definition, and Distinctive Aspects. Technology Innovation Management Review, 2(2), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/520
Boone, H. N., & Boone, D. A. (2012). Analyzing Likert Data. The Journal of Extension, 50(2), 1–5. https://archives.joe.org/joe/2012april/pdf/JOE_v50_2tt2.pdf
Bosma, N., Hill, S., Ionescu-Somers, A., Kelley, D., Levie, J., & Tarnawa, A. (2020). GEM Global Report 2019/2020 (pp. 1–232). Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, London Business School. https://www.babson.edu/media/babson/assets/global-entrepreneurship-monitor/2019-2020-GEM-Global-Report.pdf
Cho, E., & Kim, S. (2015). Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha: Well Known but Poorly Understood. Organizational Research Methods, 18(2), 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114555994 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114555994
Cohen, J. (1992). Statistical Power Analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(3), 98–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768783 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768783
Denanyoh, R., Adjei, K., & Nyemekye, G. E. (2015). Factors That Impact on Entrepreneurial Intention of Tertiary Students in Ghana. International Journal of Business and Social Research, 5(3), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2015.030103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2015.030103
Esfandiar, K., Sharifi-Tehrani, M., Pratt, S., & Altinay, L. (2019). Understanding entrepreneurial intentions: A developed integrated structural model approach. Journal of Business Research, 94, 172–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.10.045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.10.045
Gürol, Y., & Atsan, N. (2006). Entrepreneurial characteristics amongst university students: Some insights for entrepreneurship education and training in Turkey. Education + Training, 48(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910610645716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910610645716
Haque, N. U. (2007). Entrepreneurship in Pakistan (pp. 1–61). Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad. https://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-29.pdf
Hsu, D. K., Burmeister-Lamp, K., Simmons, S. A., Foo, M.-D., Hong, M. C., & Pipes, J. D. (2019). “I know I can, but I don’t fitâ€: Perceived fit, self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(2), 311–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.08.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.08.004
International Labor Organization. (2016). Women at work: Trends 2016. International Labor Organization Geneva. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/--publ/documents/publication/w cms_457317.pdf
Kelley, D. J., Brush, C. G., Greene, P. G., Litovsky, Y., & Global Entrepreneurship Research Association. (2012). Global Entrepreneurship monitor 2012 Women’s Report. Babson College. https://www.babson.edu/me dia/babson/site-assets/content-assets/about/academics/centres-and-institutes/blank-institute/global-research/glo bal-entrepreneurship-monitor/reports/GEM-2012-Womens-Report.pdf
Kelley, D. J., Singer, S., & Herrington, M. (2011). The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2011 Global Report (pp. 1–38) [Global Reports]. Babson College. https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2011-global-report
Kinnear, P. R., & Gray, C. D. (2011). IBM SPSS statistics 18 made simple. Psychology Press.
Kirkwood, J. (2007). Igniting the Entrepreneurial Spirit: Is the Role Parents Play Gendered? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 13, 39–59. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550710725174 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550710725174
Klapper, L., & Delgado, J. (2007). World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Survey: Data Overview. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1022664 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1022664
LaguÃa, A., Moriano, J. A., & Gorgievski, M. J. (2019). A psychosocial study of self-perceived creativity and entrepreneurial intentions in a sample of university students. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 31, 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.11.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.11.004
Lee, S. M., Chang, D., & Lim, S. (2005). Impact of Entrepreneurship Education: A Comparative Study of the U.S. and Korea. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-005-6674-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-005-6674-2
Linacre, J. M., & Wright, B. D. (2006). A user’s guide to BIGSTEPS: Rasch-model computer program (3rd ed.). Mesa Press. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.639.4296&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Liu, X., Lin, C., Zhao, G., & Zhao, D. (2019). Research on the Effects of Entrepreneurial Education and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy on College Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(869), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00869 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00869
Maresch, D., Harms, R., Kailer, N., & Wimmer-Wurm, B. (2016). The impact of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial intention of students in science and engineering versus business studies university programs. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 104, 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.006
Mian, S. A., & Qureshi, M. S. (2011). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Pakistan Report 2011 (pp. 1–62). Institute of Business Administration Karachi. https://ced.iba.edu.pk/GEM_AR_2011.pdf
Misoska, A. T., Dimitrova, M., & Mrsik, J. (2016). Drivers of entrepreneurial intentions among business students in Macedonia. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 29(1), 1062–1074. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2016.1211956 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2016.1211956
Mujahid, N., Shabbir, M. S., & Shahbaz, M. (2016). Labour Market Conditions–Female Labour Supply Nexus: The Role of Globalization in Pakistan. Global Business Review, 17(1), 68–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150915610686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150915610686
Ndofirepi, T. M. (2020). Relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial goal intentions: Psychological traits as mediators. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-0115-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-0115-x
Nizami, N. S. (2010). Pakistan Economic Survey 2009-10: Population, Labour Force and Employment. Finance Division, Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan. http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/cha pter_10/16_Population.pdf
Pakistan Federal Bureau of Statistics. (2005). Economic Census of Pakistan: National report. The Bureau. https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4851390
Potter, J., & Marchese, M. (2008). A Review of Local Economic and Employment Development Policy Approaches in OECD Countries: Part III Case Studies of Regional Economic Development Approaches (pp. 1–201) [OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers]. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/employment/leed/42771716.pdf
Poudel, K. P., Carter, R., & Lonial, S. (2019). The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation, Technological Capability, and Consumer Attitude on Firm Performance: A Multiâ€Theory Perspective. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(52), 268–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12471 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12471
Prodan, I., & Drnovsek, M. (2010). Conceptualizing academic-entrepreneurial intentions: An empirical test. Technovation, 30(5–6), 332–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2010.02.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2010.02.002
Shabbir, M. S., Shariff, M. N. M., Alshaibani, Y. H., Faisal, M., & Salman, R. (2018). Entrepreneurship and skills development for socioeconomic growth; present landscape and future agenda for Pakistan. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 24(3), 1–12. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/entrepreneurship-and-skills-development-for-socioeconomic-growth-present-landscape-and-future-agenda-for-pakistan-7405.html
Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, 72–90. https://www.econbiz.de/Record/the-social-dimensions-of-entrepreneurship-shapero-albert/10002821584
Asian Productivity Organization. (2003). Entrepreneurship and innovation in the knowledge-based economy: Challenges and strategies. Asian Productivity Organization. https://www.apo-tokyo.org/publications/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/ind-06-ei.pdf
Thomas, A., Passaro, R., & Scandurra, G. (2014). The Perception of the Contextual Factors as Predictor of Entrepreneurial Intent: Evidences from an Empirical Survey. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 22(04), 375–400. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495814500162 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495814500162
Tripathi, A. (2019). SMEs in Saudi Arabia-an innovative tool for country’s economic growth. Science International, 31(2), 261–267. http://www.sci-int.com/pdf/636897196571439497.edited-2.pdf
Trivedi, R. (2016). Does university play significant role in shaping entrepreneurial intention? A cross-country comparative analysis. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(3), 790–811. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2015-0149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2015-0149
Turker, D., & Sonmez Selcuk, S. (2009). Which factors affect the entrepreneurial intention of university students? Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(2), 142–159. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590910939049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590910939049
Unni, J., & Rani, U. (2003). Social Protection for Informal Workers in India: Insecurities, Instruments and Institutional Mechanisms. Development and Change, 34(1), 127–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00299
Veciana, J. M., Aponte, M., & Urbano, D. (2005). University Students’ Attitudes Towards Entrepreneurship: A Two Countries Comparison. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(2), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-005-1127-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-005-1127-5
World Bank. (2007). GEM Country Brief Pakistan 2007. International Finance Corporation; Gender Entrepreneurship Markets.
World Bank. (2015). Pakistan—Enterprise Survey 2013 (pp. 1–129). The World Bank. https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2363
World Bank Group. (2015). Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to Equal. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0677-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0677-3
World Economic Forum. (2020). Global Gender Gap Report 2020. World Economic Forum.
Xavier, S. R., Kelley, D. J., Kew, J., Herrington, M., & Vorderwülbecke, A. (2012). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (pp. 1–87) [Global Reports]. https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2012-global-report
Yasin, G., Fani, M. I., & Yaseen, A. (2010). Determinants of gender-based wage discrimination in Pakistan: A confirmatory factor analysis approach. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 55, 177–196.