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EMPLOYEE RETICENCE: DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF ITS SCALE
Corresponding Author(s) : Ahmed Ali Qureshi
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): March
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study was twofold, first to find the antecedents and consequences of employee voice using the theory of planned behaviour, and second to develop, introduce and validate the construct of employee reticence (employee-silence attitude) and its scale.
Methodology: Mixed-Method Research using interviews, and questionnaire was the methodology of the study. IBM SPSS 20.0 and SmartPLS 2.0 software were used for data analysis to test and confirm face validity, content validity, reliability, item reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, nomological validity.
Main Findings: Employee reticence is a valid employee attitude. The employee silence behaviour is supported by the theory of planned behaviour. It was found that the Theory of planned behaviour applies to the situations of employee silence. The scale of employee reticence developed, as the result of this study, is valid and ready to be used by researchers, organizational behaviourists, psychologists, and HR experts.
Applications of this study: The study is applicable for change intervention programs in organizations by organizational behaviourists. The researchers can use it to explore and develop organizational and team-level attitudes of silence. Its scale is a useful tool, largely for recruiters for ensuring PO fit. It is usable to researchers for further exploration and using it as in organizational research including but not limited to Employee silence, knowledge management, and stress. Psychologists can take the lead from the concept of ER to develop similar constructs for their field for analysing their patients of stress etc. from this perspective.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The study is novel and original as the construct of employee reticence has been developed, introduced, and validated (employee-silence attitude). Further, the scale of the new construction has been constructed and validated, using standard methods.
Keywords
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- Abd El-Fattah Mohamed Aly, N., El-Shanawany, S. M., & Ghanem, M. (2021). Workplace silence behavior and its consequences on nurses: A new Egyptian validation scale of nursing motives. Clinical Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477750921994284 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477750921994284
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- Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2005). The influence of attitudes on behavior. The Handbook of Attitudes, 173(221), 31.
- Armitage, C. J., & Christian, J. (2003). From attitudes to behaviour: Basic and applied research on the theory of planned behaviour. Current Psychology, 22(3), 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-003-1015-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-003-1015-5
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- Benevene, P. (2020). Managing silence in workplaces. Journal of Workplace Learning, 32(1), 94–95. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-02-2020-157 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-02-2020-157
- Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best Practices for Developing and Validating Scales for Health, Social, and Behavioral Research: A Primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
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References
Abd El-Fattah Mohamed Aly, N., El-Shanawany, S. M., & Ghanem, M. (2021). Workplace silence behavior and its consequences on nurses: A new Egyptian validation scale of nursing motives. Clinical Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477750921994284 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477750921994284
Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2
Ajzen, I. (2006). Constructing a TPB questionnaire: Conceptual and methodological considerations. http://chuang.epage.au.edu.tw/ezfiles/168/1168/attach/20/pta_41176_7688352_57138.pdf
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2005). The influence of attitudes on behavior. The Handbook of Attitudes, 173(221), 31.
Armitage, C. J., & Christian, J. (2003). From attitudes to behaviour: Basic and applied research on the theory of planned behaviour. Current Psychology, 22(3), 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-003-1015-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-003-1015-5
Astrachan, C. B., Patel, V. K., & Wanzenried, G. (2014). A comparative study of CB-SEM and PLS-SEM for theory development in family firm research. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(1), 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2013.12.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2013.12.002
Benevene, P. (2020). Managing silence in workplaces. Journal of Workplace Learning, 32(1), 94–95. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-02-2020-157 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-02-2020-157
Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best Practices for Developing and Validating Scales for Health, Social, and Behavioral Research: A Primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
Byrne, D. (1961). Interpersonal attraction and attitude similarity. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62(3), 713. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044721 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044721
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage.
Chen, G., Ployhart, R. E., Thomas, H. C., Anderson, N., & Bliese, P. D. (2011). The power of momentum: A new model of dynamic relationships between job satisfaction change and turnover intentions. Academy of Management Journal, 54(1), 159–181. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.59215089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.59215089
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2 edition). Routledge.
Dedahanov, A. T., Lee, D. H., & Rhee, J. (2016). Silence as a mediator between organizational factors and stress. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(8), 1251–1264. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-09-2014-0265 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-09-2014-0265
DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications (Vol. 26). Sage publications.
Dyne, L. V., Ang, S., & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing Employee Silence and Employee Voice as Multidimensional Constructs*. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1359–1392. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00384 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00384
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). Psychology of Attitudes (1 edition). Wadsworth Publishing.
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (2005). Attitude Research in the 21st Century: The Current State of Knowledge.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
Fazio, R. H. (1990). Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative framework. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 75–109). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60318-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60318-4
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2011). Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203838020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203838020
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Götz, M., Knoll, M., Adriasola Barroilhet, A., Arenas, A., Barrett, S., Bollmann, G., Carter, M., Chui, S., Di Marco, D., Elsey, V., Gatti, P., Ghislieri, C., Hofmans, J., Jønsson, T. F., Lundsgaard Ottsen, C., Pickett, J. L., Retowski, S., Silva, S. A., Šimunić, A., … Zacher, H. (2019). Remaining silent in eleven languages: Validating scales for employee silence motives across fifteen countries. EAWOP 2019 Abstract Book, 462.
Haddock, G., & Maio, G. R. (2007). Attitude–Behavior Consistency. In Encyclopedia of Social Psychology (pp. 60–61). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412956253 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412956253
Hair, J., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (1 edition). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.001
Hair Jr, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: Updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMDA.2017.087624 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMDA.2017.087624
Howard, M. C. (2016). A Review of Exploratory Factor Analysis Decisions and Overview of Current Practices: What We Are Doing and How Can We Improve? International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 32(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2015.1087664 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2015.1087664
Howard, R., Restrepo, L., & Chang, C.-Y. (2017). Addressing individual perceptions: An application of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology to building information modelling. International Journal of Project Management, 35(2), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.10.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.10.012
Jones, W. H., & Russell, D. (1982). The Social Reticence Scale: An Objective Instrument to Measure Shyness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46(6), 629–631. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4606_12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4606_12
Katz, D. (1964). The motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavioral Science, 9(2), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830090206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830090206
Knoll, M., & Redman, T. (2016). Does the Presence of Voice Imply the Absence of Silence? The Necessity to Consider Employees’ Affective Attachment and Job Engagement. Human Resource Management, 55(5), 829–844. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21744 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21744
Knoll, M., & van Dick, R. (2013). Do I hear the whistle…? A first attempt to measure four forms of employee silence and their correlates. Journal of Business Ethics, 113(2), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1308-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1308-4
Kruglanski, A. W., & Stroebe, W. (2005). The influence of beliefs and goals on attitudes: Issues of structure, function, and dynamics. The Handbook of Attitudes, 323–368.
Lalich, J., McLaren, K., Lalich, J., McLaren, K., Lalich, J., McLaren, K., Lalich, J., McLaren, K., Lalich, J., & McLaren, K. (2018). Charismatic Leadership and Corporate Cultism at Enron: The Elimination of Dissent, The Promotion of Conformity and Organizational Collapse. In Escaping Utopia: Growing Up in a Cult, Getting Outs, and Starting Over (Vol. 7, pp. 17–21). McGraw Hill New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315295091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315295091
Lam, L. W., & Xu, A. J. (2019). Power Imbalance and Employee Silence: The Role of Abusive Leadership, Power Distance Orientation, and Perceived Organisational Politics. Applied Psychology, 68(3), 513–546. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12170
Morrison, E. W. (2011). Employee voice behavior: Integration and directions for future research. The Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 373–412. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2011.574506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2011.574506
Morrison, E. W. (2014). Employee Voice and Silence. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 173–197. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091328 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091328
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd edition). McGraw-Hill.
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington Books/DC Heath and Com.
Orpen, C. (1984). Attitude Similarity, Attraction, and Decision-Making in the Employment Interview. The Journal of Psychology, 117(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1984.9923666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1984.9923666
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Priola, V., Lasio, D., Simone, S. D., & Serri, F. (2014). The Sound of Silence. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Discrimination in ‘Inclusive Organizations.’ British Journal of Management, 25(3), 488–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12043
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