Authors retain the copyright without restrictions for their published content in this journal. HSSR is a SHERPA ROMEO Green Journal.
Publishing License
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of
THE ECHOES OF GENOCIDAL CONFLICTS IN THE KITE RUNNER BY KHALED HUSSEINI
Corresponding Author(s) : Saood Khan
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): March
Abstract
Purpose of the Study: The discourse aims to diagnose the causes of genocidal conflict between Pashtuns and Hazaras. It also aims to analyze the power exercised by the Pashtuns who have subjugated and marginalized the Hazaras since the 1221 century.
Methodology: The theoretical framework employed in the study is Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (Fairclough, 2001). Fairclough’s three-dimensional model is implemented to reflect the nature of social practices which comprises an understanding of discourse as a text (micro-level) discourse practice (Meso-level) and socio-cultural practice (macro-level).
Main Findings: The result of the study shows that Hazaras became the victim of the Genocidal conflict owing to their prior historical battle fought Between Khawarzamis (ancestors of Pashtuns) and Mongols (ancestor of Hazaras) in 1221CE. In the war Mongols loathed Khawazamis as a result it adopted the shape of a genocidal conflict. With passing years, it coloured in many ways such as in the shape of cultural, socioeconomic, and religiopolitical conflicts, which in turn marginalized, subalternate, Othered, and killed thousands of Hazaras, and the conflict is still unstoppable.
Application of this Study: Since different books, websites, as well as the novel The Kite Runner, have been critically examined for a better understanding of the concept of genocidal conflict which is very helpful to understand the stance of genocidal conflict and the factors that prompt genocidal conflict. It can be helpful in sociology in political studies for power balance in society.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Mohammadi, S., and Askary, S. (2021). Why do the Hazara people fear genocide in Afghanistan. The Al Jazeera.
- Andreopoulos, G. J. (2020). Genocide. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/to pic/genocide
- Boboyorov, H., Poos, H., & Schetter, C. (2009). Beyond the State-Local Politics in Afghanistan. Bonn Centre for Development Research (ZFE).
- Bellew, H. W. (1880). The races of Afghanistan: being a brief account of the principal nations inhabiting that country. London: Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, and co.
- Burnes, A. (1839). Travels Into Bokhara: Containing the Narrative of a Voyage on the Indus from the Sea to Lahore, with Presents from the King of Great Britain; and an Account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary, and Persia. Performed by Order of the Supreme Government of India. London: J. Murray.
- Cordell, K., & Wolff, S. (Eds.). (2011). Routledge handbook of ethnic conflict. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203845493
- Cummins, J. (2000). Language, Power. and Pedagogy: Bilingual Children in the Crossfire. Buffalo, NY: DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853596773
- Multilingual Matters.
- De Waal, T. (2015). Great catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the shadow of genocide. USA: Oxford University Press.
- Deing, A. (2014). Genocide begins with ‘dehumanization;’ no single country is immune from risk, warns the UN official.
- Deshpande, M. S. (2010). History of the Indian caste system and its impact on India today (Senior Project).
- California Polythecnic State University, San Luis Obispo.
- Fairclough, N. (2001). Language and Power (2nd Ed.). Edinburgh Gate: Pearson.
- Goodson, L. (1998). The Fragmentation of Culture in Afghanistan/ïºï»Ÿïº˜ïº¸ï»ˆï»²ïºï»Ÿïºœï»˜ïºŽï»“ﻲﻓﻲﺃﻓï»ïºŽï»§ïº´ïº˜ïºŽï»¥. Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, 18, 269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/521889
- Harris, N. (2020). Innocent III and Thirteenth-Century Animal Imagery. United Kingdom, UK: Palgrave DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50661-2
- Macmillan, Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/-3-030-50661-2_3
- Hanley, R., Robert, C. (2011). Ethnic Violence, Impact on Afghanistan. Strategy Research Project. US Army War
- College, Carlise Barracks, PA.
- Hosseini, Khaled. (2003). The Kite Runner. New York, NY: Riverhead Books.
- Karen, V.L. 1996. International dimensions of genocide.
- Khan, S., Khan, I, U., Sarwar, M., Gul, S. (2021). Gender-Based Objectification in Commercial Advertisements: A Socio-Cultural Analysis. Webology, 18(6) 6492-6506.
- Lemkin, R. (2007). Totally Unofficial: The Autobiography of Raphael Lemkin. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
- Mazhar, M. S., Khan, S. O., & Goraya, N. S. (2012). Ethnic Factor in Afghanistan. Journal of Political Studies, 19(2).
- Meacham, S. J. (2003). Literacy and street credibility: Plantations, prisons, and AfricanAmerican literacy from Frederick Douglass to Fifty Cent. Presentation at the Economic and Social Research Council Seminar Series Conference March 2003. Sheffield, UK.
- Mousavi, S, A. (2009). The Hazaras of Afghanistan: An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study.
- Orazgani, A, M. (1913). Al Mokhtasar al manlqul Fi Tarikh-e Hazara waMaghol, Quetta.
- Pouchepadass, J. (1978). Elphinstone (Mountstuart): An Account of the kingdom of Caubul; Crooke (W.): The
- North-Western provinces of India. Their history, ethnology, and administration. Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire, 65 (240), 464-466.
- Rais, R, B. (2008). Recovering the Frontier State: War, Ethnicity, and State in Afghanistan. United Kingdon, UK:
- Oxford University Press.
- Quvondiqqizi, T, S., Abdug’affarovich, E, A. (2021). Jalaluddin manguberdi is a great country defender, 7(07),
- –51.
- Suny, R. G., Göçek, F. M., & Naimark, N. M. (Eds.). (2011). A question of genocide: Armenians and Turks at the DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195393743.001.0001
- end of the Ottoman Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Saikal, A (2006). Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival. New York, NY: I. B. Tauris.
- Strassler, R. B., ed. (1996). The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War. Trans. Richard Crawley. New York, NY: The Free Press.
- Thakur, P. (2020). Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner: Unveiling the Trauma of Adolescent Boys Trapped in Afghanistan’s Culturally Legitimised Paedophilia- ‘Bacha Bazi’. Rupkatha Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 12(5), 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v12n5.rioc1s9n5
- Trappes-Lomax, A. (2004). Discourse Analysis. In A. Davies, & C. Elder (Eds.), The Handbook ofApplied Linguistics (pp. 133-164). London: Willey-Blackwell. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470757000.ch5
- Turshen, M. (2001). The Political Economy of Rape: An Analysis of Systematic Rape and Sexual Abuse of Women During Armed Conflict in Africa‟ in Victims, Perpetrators, or Actors. CON Moser and FC Clark London: Zed Books.
- Temirknanov, L (1980). Tarikh-e Milli-ye Hazara-Moghol, Persian translation Tanzeem-e Nasl-e Nau-e Hazara-c
- Moghol, Quetta.
- Utterwulghe, S. (1999). Rwanda’s protracted social conflict: Considering the subjective perspective in conflict resolution strategies. The Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution, 2(3).
- Vámbéry, Ã. (1864). Travels in Central Asia. London: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Woodak, R. & Meyer, M. (2010). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, London: Sage.
References
Mohammadi, S., and Askary, S. (2021). Why do the Hazara people fear genocide in Afghanistan. The Al Jazeera.
Andreopoulos, G. J. (2020). Genocide. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/to pic/genocide
Boboyorov, H., Poos, H., & Schetter, C. (2009). Beyond the State-Local Politics in Afghanistan. Bonn Centre for Development Research (ZFE).
Bellew, H. W. (1880). The races of Afghanistan: being a brief account of the principal nations inhabiting that country. London: Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, and co.
Burnes, A. (1839). Travels Into Bokhara: Containing the Narrative of a Voyage on the Indus from the Sea to Lahore, with Presents from the King of Great Britain; and an Account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary, and Persia. Performed by Order of the Supreme Government of India. London: J. Murray.
Cordell, K., & Wolff, S. (Eds.). (2011). Routledge handbook of ethnic conflict. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203845493
Cummins, J. (2000). Language, Power. and Pedagogy: Bilingual Children in the Crossfire. Buffalo, NY: DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853596773
Multilingual Matters.
De Waal, T. (2015). Great catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the shadow of genocide. USA: Oxford University Press.
Deing, A. (2014). Genocide begins with ‘dehumanization;’ no single country is immune from risk, warns the UN official.
Deshpande, M. S. (2010). History of the Indian caste system and its impact on India today (Senior Project).
California Polythecnic State University, San Luis Obispo.
Fairclough, N. (2001). Language and Power (2nd Ed.). Edinburgh Gate: Pearson.
Goodson, L. (1998). The Fragmentation of Culture in Afghanistan/ïºï»Ÿïº˜ïº¸ï»ˆï»²ïºï»Ÿïºœï»˜ïºŽï»“ﻲﻓﻲﺃﻓï»ïºŽï»§ïº´ïº˜ïºŽï»¥. Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, 18, 269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/521889
Harris, N. (2020). Innocent III and Thirteenth-Century Animal Imagery. United Kingdom, UK: Palgrave DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50661-2
Macmillan, Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/-3-030-50661-2_3
Hanley, R., Robert, C. (2011). Ethnic Violence, Impact on Afghanistan. Strategy Research Project. US Army War
College, Carlise Barracks, PA.
Hosseini, Khaled. (2003). The Kite Runner. New York, NY: Riverhead Books.
Karen, V.L. 1996. International dimensions of genocide.
Khan, S., Khan, I, U., Sarwar, M., Gul, S. (2021). Gender-Based Objectification in Commercial Advertisements: A Socio-Cultural Analysis. Webology, 18(6) 6492-6506.
Lemkin, R. (2007). Totally Unofficial: The Autobiography of Raphael Lemkin. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
Mazhar, M. S., Khan, S. O., & Goraya, N. S. (2012). Ethnic Factor in Afghanistan. Journal of Political Studies, 19(2).
Meacham, S. J. (2003). Literacy and street credibility: Plantations, prisons, and AfricanAmerican literacy from Frederick Douglass to Fifty Cent. Presentation at the Economic and Social Research Council Seminar Series Conference March 2003. Sheffield, UK.
Mousavi, S, A. (2009). The Hazaras of Afghanistan: An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study.
Orazgani, A, M. (1913). Al Mokhtasar al manlqul Fi Tarikh-e Hazara waMaghol, Quetta.
Pouchepadass, J. (1978). Elphinstone (Mountstuart): An Account of the kingdom of Caubul; Crooke (W.): The
North-Western provinces of India. Their history, ethnology, and administration. Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire, 65 (240), 464-466.
Rais, R, B. (2008). Recovering the Frontier State: War, Ethnicity, and State in Afghanistan. United Kingdon, UK:
Oxford University Press.
Quvondiqqizi, T, S., Abdug’affarovich, E, A. (2021). Jalaluddin manguberdi is a great country defender, 7(07),
–51.
Suny, R. G., Göçek, F. M., & Naimark, N. M. (Eds.). (2011). A question of genocide: Armenians and Turks at the DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195393743.001.0001
end of the Ottoman Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Saikal, A (2006). Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival. New York, NY: I. B. Tauris.
Strassler, R. B., ed. (1996). The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War. Trans. Richard Crawley. New York, NY: The Free Press.
Thakur, P. (2020). Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner: Unveiling the Trauma of Adolescent Boys Trapped in Afghanistan’s Culturally Legitimised Paedophilia- ‘Bacha Bazi’. Rupkatha Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 12(5), 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v12n5.rioc1s9n5
Trappes-Lomax, A. (2004). Discourse Analysis. In A. Davies, & C. Elder (Eds.), The Handbook ofApplied Linguistics (pp. 133-164). London: Willey-Blackwell. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470757000.ch5
Turshen, M. (2001). The Political Economy of Rape: An Analysis of Systematic Rape and Sexual Abuse of Women During Armed Conflict in Africa‟ in Victims, Perpetrators, or Actors. CON Moser and FC Clark London: Zed Books.
Temirknanov, L (1980). Tarikh-e Milli-ye Hazara-Moghol, Persian translation Tanzeem-e Nasl-e Nau-e Hazara-c
Moghol, Quetta.
Utterwulghe, S. (1999). Rwanda’s protracted social conflict: Considering the subjective perspective in conflict resolution strategies. The Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution, 2(3).
Vámbéry, Ã. (1864). Travels in Central Asia. London: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Woodak, R. & Meyer, M. (2010). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, London: Sage.