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LOCATING MULTILINGUAL LITERACIES: A CASE STUDY OF LITERACY PRACTICES AT THE FATIMA JINNAH WOMEN UNIVERSITY (FJWU), RAWALPINDI
Corresponding Author(s) : Zafar Iqbal
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose: The present study attempts to analyze literacy practices of adults with low academic qualifications in their work domain to prove that the traditional definition of literacy as merely an ability to read and write may not prove an effective yardstick in the postmodern digitalized global world.
Methods: The research is contextualized in nature and takes place in real-life settings of Pakistani society. The researchers collected the data through semi/non-structured interviews based on a questionnaire consisted of 53 questions, excluding demographic-related details. The duration of the fieldwork was almost one month. During the data collection process, the researcher kept on tailoring the questions to have insights into the LNL practices of adults concerning the aim of the study and the progression of the interviews/conversation.
Main Findings: The study finds multiliteracies in the work domains of sanitary workers in the shape of LNL and technology integration. Sanitary workers seem to utilize less English language vocabulary, specifically naming (nouns), i.e., washroom, cleaners/acids, vacuum cleaner, biometrics, blower, floor machine, or mobile phones. Workers also use diverse literacy practices in their communications, i.e., multilingual lexicon, numeracy, or digital literacies.
Application of the Study: The findings suggest that this workplace multilingualism and multiliteracy practices would help the organizations (public/private) to instruct their employees/staff for purposeful communication(s). Moreover, this study would facilitate the process of training need analysis (TNA) during the trainings as the model of the present research can be adapted by the trainers to assess the literacy level(s) of the trainees for better classifications to provide proper training according to their prior knowledge.
The Originality of the Study: According to the researchers' best knowledge, this type of study appeared not conducted in a specific field in the selected geographical area. Moreover, the research offers a new theoretical framework to conduct a multiliteracy study in sanitary works.
Keywords
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- Ashraf, M. A., & Tsegay, S. M. (2016). Analysis of globalization and Englishization in Pakistan. International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning, 5(1), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsll.2015.1205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsll.2015.1205
- Bailey, B. (2000). Language and negotiation of racial/ethnic identity among Dominican Americans. Language in Society, 29, 555-582. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500004036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500004036
- Barton, D. and Hamilton, M. (1998). Local literacies: Reading and writing in one community. Routledge: England.
- Barton, D., Hamilton, M., IvaniÚc, R., & IvaniÄ, R. (Eds.). (2000). Situated literacies: Reading and writing in context. Psychology Press.
- Baig, F. Z., Yousaf, W., Aazam, F., Shamshad, S., Fida, I & Aslam, M. Z. (2019). Power, Ideology and Identity in Digital Literacy: A Sociolinguistic Study. International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(2). p. 252-264. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p252
- Bennett, S. V., Gunn, A. A., Gayle-Evans, G., Barrera, E. S., & Leung, C. B. (2018). Culturally responsive literacy practices in an early childhood community. Early Childhood Education Journal, 46(2), 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-017-0839-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-017-0839-9
- Bhatt, I. (2012). Digital literacy practices and their layered multiplicity. Educational Media International, 49(4), 289-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2012.741199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2012.741199
- Black, S., Balatti, J., & Falk, I. (2013). Health literacy and social capital: what role for adult literacy partnerships and pedagogy? Studies in Continuing Education, 35(2), 146-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 0158037X.2012.712038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037X.2012.712038
- Brosch, C. (2015). On the Conceptual History of the Term Lingua Franca. Apples – Journal of Applied Language Studies. Centre for Applied Language Studies, University of Jyväskylä, 9(1), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037X.2012.712038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17011/apples/2015090104
- Cannon, M. (2018). Digital media in education: Teaching, learning and literacy practices with young learners. Springer.
- Collins, J. And Bolt, R. (2003). Literacy and literacies: Texts, power, and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486661 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486661
- Cope, B., & Kalantzis, M. (2013). Multiliteracies: New literacies, new learning. In Framing Languages and Literacies (pp. 115-145). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203070895-13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203070895-13
- Craig, J., & Guzmán, L. (2018). Six Propositions of a Social Theory of Numeracy: Interpreting an Influential Theory of Literacy. Numeracy: Advancing Education in Quantitative Literacy, 11(2), 1-24. https://doi.org/1 0.5038/1936-4660.11.2.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/1936-4660.11.2.2
- De Pourbaix, R. (2005). Emergent literacy practices in an electronic community. In Situated literacies (pp. 141-164). Routledge.
- Derrida, J. (1997). Of grammatology. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Duckworth, V., & Ade-Ojo, G. (2015). Adult literacy policy and practice: From intrinsic values to instrumentalism. Springer.
- Ennser-Kananen, J. (2014). The right to be multilingual: How two trilingual students construct their linguistic legitimacy in a German classroom. The Graduate School of Minnesota: USA.
- Esposito, L., Kebede, B., & Maddox, B. (2015). The value of literacy practices. Compare A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 45(3), 363-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2013.862019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2013.862019
- Eve, G. and Ann, W. (2000). City literacies: Reading Across Generations and Cultures. Routledge, New York.
- Fakhriyah, F., Masfuah, S., Roysa, M., Rusilowati, A., & Rahayu, E. S. (2017). Student's Science Literacy in the Aspect of Content Science? Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 6(1), 122870. https://doi.org/10.152 94/jpii.v6i1.7245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v6i1.7245
- Fishman, J., Lunsford, A., McGregor, B., & Otuteye, M. (2005). Performing Writing, Performing Literacy. College Composition and Communication, 57(2), 224-252.
- Gee, J. P. (2009). New digital media and learning as an emerging area and worked examples as one way forward (p. 92). The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8563.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8563.001.0001
- Green, B. (2018). Literacy studies and curriculum theorizing; or, the insistence of the letter. In The insistence of the letter (pp. 195-225). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429454486-12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429454486-12
- Greenhow, C., & Lewin, C. (2016). Social media and education: Reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Learning, media, and technology, 41(1), 6-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439 884.2015.1064954 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2015.1064954
- Grotlüschen, A., Thériault, V., Nienkemper, B. & Capstick, T. (2019). Critical viewpoints on adult literacy practices at the time of PIAAC. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 38(4), 361-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2019.1614105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2019.1614105
- Hamilton, M. (2016). Imagining literacy: A sociomaterial approach. In Beyond economic interests (pp. 1-17). Brill Sense. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-444-2_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-444-2_1
- Heath, S. B. (1977). Social history. Bilingual education: Current perspectives, 1, 53-72.
- Heller, M. (1995). Language choice, social institutions, and symbolic domination, Language in Society, 24(3), 373-405. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500018807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500018807
- Heller, M. (2006). Linguistic minorities and modernity: A sociolinguistic ethnography. 2nd ed. New York: Continuum.
- Holmes, J. (2008). An introduction to sociolinguistics (3rd ed.). Harlow et al.: Longman, ch. 2.
- Hymes, D. (1986). Directions in sociolinguistic: The ethnography of communication. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Kadel, S. (2018). Language choice and use in multilingual contexts of Nepal: an ethnographic study (Doctoral dissertation). Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
- Kral, I. (2012). Talk, text, and technology: Literacy and social practice in a remote Indigenous community (Vol. 14). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847697608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847697608
- Kruger, R.A. (2000). Designing and conducting focus group interviews. Minesota: SAGE
- Langford, L. (2021). Information literacy: Seeking clarification. In IASL Annual Conference Proceedings (pp. 195-205). https://doi.org/10.29173/iasl8127 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29173/iasl8127
- Leibrandt, I. M. (2019). Postmodern Literacy: Multimodal, Hypertextual, Intertextual Reading. In Teaching Literature and Language Through Multimodal Texts (pp. 258-276). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5796-8.ch014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5796-8.ch014
- Luke, A. (2012). Critical literacy: Foundational notes. Theory into Practice, 51(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10. 1080/00405841.2012.636324 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2012.636324
- Luke, A. (2018). The social construction of literacy in the primary school. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/ 9781315100951-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315100951-2
- McHale, B. (2012). Constructing postmodernism. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203388594 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203388594
- Ohmann, R. (1987). Politics of letters. Wesleyan University Press.
- Olson, D. R. (2009). Education and literacy. Infancia y aprendizaje, 32(2), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1174/ 021037009788001824 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1174/021037009788001824
- Ouane, A. (2003). Towards a multilingual culture of education. UNESCO Institute for Education, Hamburg: Germany.
- Oughton, H. (2018). Disrupting Dominant Discourses: A (Re) Introduction to Social Practice Theories of Adult Numeracy. Numeracy: Advancing Education in Quantitative Literacy, 11(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.5038 /1936-4660.11.1.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/1936-4660.11.1.2
- Pahl, K. (2004). American Anthropological Association, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.
- Perry, K. H. (2012). What Is Literacy? A Critical Overview of Socio-cultural Perspectives. Journal of Language and Literacy Education, 8(1), 50-71.
- Purcell-Gates, V. (Ed.). (2020). Cultural practices of literacy: Case studies of language, literacy, social practice, and power. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003064374 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003064374
- Rahman, T. (2011). From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
- Roser, M. and Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2016). Literacy. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/literacy
- Scherer, R., Siddiq, F., & Tondeur, J. (2019). The technology acceptance model (TAM): A meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach explaining teachers' adoption of digital technology in education. Computers & Education, 128, 13-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.009
- Serafini, F. (2017). Visual literacy. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. https://doi.org/10.1093/acr efore/9780190264093.013.19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.19
- Shah, S. J., & Ishaque, W. (2017). Challenges of national integration in Pakistan and strategic response. ISSRA PAPERS, 9(2), 35-48.
- Street, B. V. (1993). The new literacy studies, guest editorial. Journal of research in reading, 16(2), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.1993.tb00039.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.1993.tb00039.x
- Szwed, J. (1981). The ethnography of literacy. Writing: The nature, development, and teaching of written communication, 1, 13-23.
- Tett, L., Hamilton, M. Hillier, Y. (2006). Adult literacy, numeracy and languages. New York: OUP.
- Tikly, L. (2016). Language-in-education policy in low-income, postcolonial contexts: Towards a social justice approach. Comparative Education, 52(3), 408-425. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1185272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1185272
- Turner, R. (2014). The 'literacy' idea. Assessment GEMs no.5. Melbourne: ACER.
- Umer, S., Aslam, M. Z. and Aslam, T. (2018). Literacy and Numeracy Practices in Education: Perspectives and Prospects. The European Journal of Literature and Linguistics, 2, 20-22. https://doi.org/10.29013/EJLL-18-2-20-22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29013/EJLL-18-2-20-22
- Weiland, T. (2017). Problematizing statistical literacy: An intersection of critical and statistical literacies. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 96(1), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-017-9764-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-017-9764-5
- Yasukawa, K., Jackson, K., Kane, P., & Coben, D. (2018). Mapping the terrain of social practice perspectives of numeracy. In Numeracy as Social Practice (pp. 3-17). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315269474-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315269474-1
References
Ashraf, M. A., & Tsegay, S. M. (2016). Analysis of globalization and Englishization in Pakistan. International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning, 5(1), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsll.2015.1205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsll.2015.1205
Bailey, B. (2000). Language and negotiation of racial/ethnic identity among Dominican Americans. Language in Society, 29, 555-582. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500004036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500004036
Barton, D. and Hamilton, M. (1998). Local literacies: Reading and writing in one community. Routledge: England.
Barton, D., Hamilton, M., IvaniÚc, R., & IvaniÄ, R. (Eds.). (2000). Situated literacies: Reading and writing in context. Psychology Press.
Baig, F. Z., Yousaf, W., Aazam, F., Shamshad, S., Fida, I & Aslam, M. Z. (2019). Power, Ideology and Identity in Digital Literacy: A Sociolinguistic Study. International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(2). p. 252-264. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p252
Bennett, S. V., Gunn, A. A., Gayle-Evans, G., Barrera, E. S., & Leung, C. B. (2018). Culturally responsive literacy practices in an early childhood community. Early Childhood Education Journal, 46(2), 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-017-0839-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-017-0839-9
Bhatt, I. (2012). Digital literacy practices and their layered multiplicity. Educational Media International, 49(4), 289-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2012.741199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2012.741199
Black, S., Balatti, J., & Falk, I. (2013). Health literacy and social capital: what role for adult literacy partnerships and pedagogy? Studies in Continuing Education, 35(2), 146-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 0158037X.2012.712038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037X.2012.712038
Brosch, C. (2015). On the Conceptual History of the Term Lingua Franca. Apples – Journal of Applied Language Studies. Centre for Applied Language Studies, University of Jyväskylä, 9(1), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037X.2012.712038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17011/apples/2015090104
Cannon, M. (2018). Digital media in education: Teaching, learning and literacy practices with young learners. Springer.
Collins, J. And Bolt, R. (2003). Literacy and literacies: Texts, power, and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486661 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486661
Cope, B., & Kalantzis, M. (2013). Multiliteracies: New literacies, new learning. In Framing Languages and Literacies (pp. 115-145). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203070895-13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203070895-13
Craig, J., & Guzmán, L. (2018). Six Propositions of a Social Theory of Numeracy: Interpreting an Influential Theory of Literacy. Numeracy: Advancing Education in Quantitative Literacy, 11(2), 1-24. https://doi.org/1 0.5038/1936-4660.11.2.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/1936-4660.11.2.2
De Pourbaix, R. (2005). Emergent literacy practices in an electronic community. In Situated literacies (pp. 141-164). Routledge.
Derrida, J. (1997). Of grammatology. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Duckworth, V., & Ade-Ojo, G. (2015). Adult literacy policy and practice: From intrinsic values to instrumentalism. Springer.
Ennser-Kananen, J. (2014). The right to be multilingual: How two trilingual students construct their linguistic legitimacy in a German classroom. The Graduate School of Minnesota: USA.
Esposito, L., Kebede, B., & Maddox, B. (2015). The value of literacy practices. Compare A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 45(3), 363-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2013.862019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2013.862019
Eve, G. and Ann, W. (2000). City literacies: Reading Across Generations and Cultures. Routledge, New York.
Fakhriyah, F., Masfuah, S., Roysa, M., Rusilowati, A., & Rahayu, E. S. (2017). Student's Science Literacy in the Aspect of Content Science? Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 6(1), 122870. https://doi.org/10.152 94/jpii.v6i1.7245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v6i1.7245
Fishman, J., Lunsford, A., McGregor, B., & Otuteye, M. (2005). Performing Writing, Performing Literacy. College Composition and Communication, 57(2), 224-252.
Gee, J. P. (2009). New digital media and learning as an emerging area and worked examples as one way forward (p. 92). The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8563.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8563.001.0001
Green, B. (2018). Literacy studies and curriculum theorizing; or, the insistence of the letter. In The insistence of the letter (pp. 195-225). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429454486-12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429454486-12
Greenhow, C., & Lewin, C. (2016). Social media and education: Reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Learning, media, and technology, 41(1), 6-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439 884.2015.1064954 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2015.1064954
Grotlüschen, A., Thériault, V., Nienkemper, B. & Capstick, T. (2019). Critical viewpoints on adult literacy practices at the time of PIAAC. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 38(4), 361-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2019.1614105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2019.1614105
Hamilton, M. (2016). Imagining literacy: A sociomaterial approach. In Beyond economic interests (pp. 1-17). Brill Sense. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-444-2_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-444-2_1
Heath, S. B. (1977). Social history. Bilingual education: Current perspectives, 1, 53-72.
Heller, M. (1995). Language choice, social institutions, and symbolic domination, Language in Society, 24(3), 373-405. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500018807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500018807
Heller, M. (2006). Linguistic minorities and modernity: A sociolinguistic ethnography. 2nd ed. New York: Continuum.
Holmes, J. (2008). An introduction to sociolinguistics (3rd ed.). Harlow et al.: Longman, ch. 2.
Hymes, D. (1986). Directions in sociolinguistic: The ethnography of communication. Oxford: Blackwell.
Kadel, S. (2018). Language choice and use in multilingual contexts of Nepal: an ethnographic study (Doctoral dissertation). Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
Kral, I. (2012). Talk, text, and technology: Literacy and social practice in a remote Indigenous community (Vol. 14). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847697608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847697608
Kruger, R.A. (2000). Designing and conducting focus group interviews. Minesota: SAGE
Langford, L. (2021). Information literacy: Seeking clarification. In IASL Annual Conference Proceedings (pp. 195-205). https://doi.org/10.29173/iasl8127 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29173/iasl8127
Leibrandt, I. M. (2019). Postmodern Literacy: Multimodal, Hypertextual, Intertextual Reading. In Teaching Literature and Language Through Multimodal Texts (pp. 258-276). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5796-8.ch014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5796-8.ch014
Luke, A. (2012). Critical literacy: Foundational notes. Theory into Practice, 51(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10. 1080/00405841.2012.636324 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2012.636324
Luke, A. (2018). The social construction of literacy in the primary school. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/ 9781315100951-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315100951-2
McHale, B. (2012). Constructing postmodernism. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203388594 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203388594
Ohmann, R. (1987). Politics of letters. Wesleyan University Press.
Olson, D. R. (2009). Education and literacy. Infancia y aprendizaje, 32(2), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1174/ 021037009788001824 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1174/021037009788001824
Ouane, A. (2003). Towards a multilingual culture of education. UNESCO Institute for Education, Hamburg: Germany.
Oughton, H. (2018). Disrupting Dominant Discourses: A (Re) Introduction to Social Practice Theories of Adult Numeracy. Numeracy: Advancing Education in Quantitative Literacy, 11(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.5038 /1936-4660.11.1.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/1936-4660.11.1.2
Pahl, K. (2004). American Anthropological Association, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Perry, K. H. (2012). What Is Literacy? A Critical Overview of Socio-cultural Perspectives. Journal of Language and Literacy Education, 8(1), 50-71.
Purcell-Gates, V. (Ed.). (2020). Cultural practices of literacy: Case studies of language, literacy, social practice, and power. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003064374 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003064374
Rahman, T. (2011). From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Roser, M. and Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2016). Literacy. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/literacy
Scherer, R., Siddiq, F., & Tondeur, J. (2019). The technology acceptance model (TAM): A meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach explaining teachers' adoption of digital technology in education. Computers & Education, 128, 13-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.009
Serafini, F. (2017). Visual literacy. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. https://doi.org/10.1093/acr efore/9780190264093.013.19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.19
Shah, S. J., & Ishaque, W. (2017). Challenges of national integration in Pakistan and strategic response. ISSRA PAPERS, 9(2), 35-48.
Street, B. V. (1993). The new literacy studies, guest editorial. Journal of research in reading, 16(2), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.1993.tb00039.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.1993.tb00039.x
Szwed, J. (1981). The ethnography of literacy. Writing: The nature, development, and teaching of written communication, 1, 13-23.
Tett, L., Hamilton, M. Hillier, Y. (2006). Adult literacy, numeracy and languages. New York: OUP.
Tikly, L. (2016). Language-in-education policy in low-income, postcolonial contexts: Towards a social justice approach. Comparative Education, 52(3), 408-425. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1185272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1185272
Turner, R. (2014). The 'literacy' idea. Assessment GEMs no.5. Melbourne: ACER.
Umer, S., Aslam, M. Z. and Aslam, T. (2018). Literacy and Numeracy Practices in Education: Perspectives and Prospects. The European Journal of Literature and Linguistics, 2, 20-22. https://doi.org/10.29013/EJLL-18-2-20-22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29013/EJLL-18-2-20-22
Weiland, T. (2017). Problematizing statistical literacy: An intersection of critical and statistical literacies. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 96(1), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-017-9764-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-017-9764-5
Yasukawa, K., Jackson, K., Kane, P., & Coben, D. (2018). Mapping the terrain of social practice perspectives of numeracy. In Numeracy as Social Practice (pp. 3-17). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315269474-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315269474-1