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TRANSFORMING IDENTITIES AND RELATIONS: A CASE OF TALIBAN PEACE TALKS IN THE PAKISTANI PRESS
Corresponding Author(s) : Raazia Israr
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The study examines the role of Pakistani mainstream print media in framing peace talks between the Taliban and the Government of Pakistan from 1st January 2014 till 1st July 2014. This study focuses on the role played by the print media of Pakistan during the efforts for the peace talks as a LIC.
Methodology: It is a quantitative research study in which researchers have used the content analysis technique to determine how print media framed the peace negotiations between the government and the TTP, editorials, and columns of two English newspapers, namely, Dawn and The News, along with two Urdu newspapers, Jang, Nawe Waqt were analyzed.
Main Findings: The findings of the study show that in the peace talks between the government and TTP, the print media of Pakistan did not engage in constructive talk to facilitate the peace talking process. The media failed to give the communicative space to facilitate the political negotiating process to proceed. Narratives of despair and fear were dominant.
Applications of this study: This study can be used to know about the psychology of newspapers that how they are framing the news, columns, and articles related to complex issues like Taliban peace talks. Along with it, it is necessary to see the role of newspapers in transforming identities and relations.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study contributed to the existing literature by examining that how print media of Pakistan frame the peace initiatives in the context of resolving the conflict between the Taliban and the government of Pakistan. Apart from it, it is necessary to know about the relationship between the way media was framing the peace negotiations and the way peace talks were taking a turn and whether Pakistani print media played the role of a facilitator of the peace process or framed the peace process as an inevitable risk of more violence or not.
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- Abunales, D. (2016). Peace Journalism: Preparing Aspiring Journalists to Value Culture of Peace. Asia Pacific Media Educator, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/1326365X16666851 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1326365X16666851
- Almeida, C. (2014, February 16). The army is Enemy No 1 the TTP is always aching to hit it. Dawn, p. 6.
- All sides must know (2014, February 2). Dawn, p. 7.
- Anderson, L. (2015). Countering Islamophobia media representations: The potential role of peace journalism. Global Media and Communication, 11(3), 255-270. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766515606293 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766515606293
- Armoudian, A., Milne, B. (2019). The politics of blame: Mass media messages and political violence during peace negotiations. Journalism, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919860280 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919860280
- Arshad, I. S. (2014, February 15). What strategy should journalists adopt? Dawn, p. 6.
- Arsali J. (2011). States vs. Non-State Actors: Asymmetric conflict of the 21st century and challenges to Military Transformations: INEGMA Special Report No.13.
- Boaz, C. (2005). War and peace in the Media. Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 17(4), 335-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402650500374587 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10402650500374587
- Carter, D. L., Thomas, R., & Ross, S. D. (2011). You are not a friend. Journalism Studies, 12(4), 456-473. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2010.530972 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2010.530972
- Curtis, D. E. (2000). Conflict Peacebuilding Projects in Rwanda and Bosnia. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 21(1), 141-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2000.9669886 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2000.9669886
- Drakos, K., & Gofas, A. (2006). The Devil You Know but Are Afraid to Face: Underreporting Bias and Its Distorting Effects on the Study of Terrorism. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(5), 714-735. ttps://doi.org/10.1177/0022002706291051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002706291051
- Fahmy, S. & Eakin, B. (2014). High drama on the high seas: Peace versus war journalism framing of an Israeli / Palestinian related incident. The International Communication Gazette, 1(76), 86-105. https://doi.org/10. 1177/1748048513504046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048513504046
- For the peace in the country. (2014, February 3). News, p. 8.
- Galtung, J. (1999). Conflict transformation by peaceful means: The Transcend method. UN.
- Gilboa, E. (2009). Media and conflict resolution: A framework for Analysis. Marquette Law Review, (93), 87-110.
- Government dual policy. (2014, March 7). Nawae Waqt, p. 7.
- Government dual policy. (2014, January 1). Nawae Waqt, p. 7.
- Government military leadership. (2014, January 14). Dawn, p. 6.
- Hastings, T. H. (2005). Media messaging and conflict. Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 17(4), 389-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402650500374652 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10402650500374652
- Herfroy-Mischler, A., Friedman, E., (2018). The ‘blame game frame’: Ethical blame patterns and media framing upon negotiations failure in the Middle East. Journalism, 1-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918791219
- Hussain, K. (2014, February 27). The way forward to bring an end to extremism in the country. Dawn, p. 7.
- Hussain, M. (2014, February 21). Military operation the only option. Dawn, p. 6.
- Hussain, Z. (2014, February 25). The TTP is a proscribed terrorist organization. Dawn, p. 6.
- Hussain, Z. (2014, January 1). HALF the battle was lost long ago when our national leaders embraced the militant narrative and legitimized violence. Dawn, p. 7.
- Hussain, S. (2016). Media coverage of Taliban: Is peace journalism the solution? Asia Pacific Media Educator, 26(1), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1326365X16640340 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1326365X16640340
- Irfan, S. (2014, March 10). The Taliban are trained only to pull a trigger. Dawn, p. 6.
- Lacasse, K., & Forster, L. (2012). The war next door: Peace journalism in US local and distant newspapers’ coverage of Mexico. Media, War & Conflict, 5(3), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635212447907 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635212447907
- Lee, S. T. & Maslog, C. C. (2005). War or peace journalism? Asian newspaper coverage of conflicts. Journal of Communication, 55(2), 311-329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02674.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02674.x
- Martin, S. E. (2006). Media Pools and Military Interventions in the 1980s and 1990s. Journal of Peace Research, 43(5), 601-616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343306067062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343306067062
- McGregor, L. (2006). Beyond the time and space of peace talks: Re-appropriating the peace process in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Peace Studies, 2(1), 39-57.
- Miller, D. (2006). The media, propaganda and the peace process in Ireland. Media in Ireland: Issues in Broadcasting. Retrieved from http://www.medialens.org/articles/the_articles/northern_ireland.
- Mitra, M. (2016). Socio-cultural contexts and peace journalism: A case for meso-level comparative sociological investigation of journalistic cultures. Journalism, 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916657510
- Noorani, A. (1992). Media and Terrorism. Economic and Political Weekly, 27(26), 1301-1302.
- No form of violence will be tolerated. (2014, March 4). Jang, p. 9.
- Ottosen, R. (2010). The war in Afghanistan and peace journalism in practice. Media, War & Conflict, 3(3), 261-278. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635210378944 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635210378944
- Peace talks and military operations. (2014, January 21). Nawe Waqt, p. 7.
- Past talks have failed. (2014, March 3). Jang, p. 9.
- Peri, Y. (2007). Intractable conflict and the media. Israel Studies, 12(1), 79-102. https://doi.org/10.29 79/ISR.2007.12.1.79 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/is.2007.0007
- Rahman, B. H. & Eijaz, A. (2014). Pakistani media as an agent of conflict or conflict resolution: A case of Lal Masjid in Urdu and English dailies. Pakistan Vision, 15(2).
- Raja, A. Z. (2014, March 5). The obstinate attitude of TTP was thought could only be handled with brutal force. Nawae Waqt, p. 7.
- Rana, A. M. (2014, February 9). The talks… are designed to fail. Dawn, p. 6.
- Raza, A. M., (2014, February 23). Government in a joint effort with the military leadership. Dawn, p. 7.
- Reuben, R. C. (2009a). The impact of news coverage on conflict: Toward greater understanding. Marquette Law Review, 45-83.
- Reuben, R. C. (2009b). The Impact of News Coverage on Conflict: Toward Greater Understanding. Marquette Law Review, 93, 45-83.
- Reychler, L. (2006). Challenges of peace research. International Journal of Peace Studies,11(1) 1-16.
- Rohner, D., & Frey, B. S. (2007). Blood and Ink! The common-interest-game between terrorists and the media. Public Choice, 133 (1/2), 129-145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-007-9182-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-007-9182-9
- Sattar, B. (2014, February 24). WHY is it that those who support enforcement of a regressive brand of Sharia. Dawn, p. 6.
- Sattar, B. (2014, February 3). If wishes were horses, peace talks with terrorists would produce happy endings. Dawn, p. 6.
- Savun, B., & Phillips, B. J. (2009). Democracy, Foreign policy and terrorism. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53(6), 878-904. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002709342978 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002709342978
- Scott, J. L. (2001). Media congestion limits media terrorism. Defence and Peace Economics, 12(3), 215-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10430710108404985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10430710108404985
- Slone, M. (2000). Responses to media coverage of terrorism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 44(4), 508-522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002700044004005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002700044004005
- Smith, K. (2004). The importance of the Media in Peace operations. Small wars & Insurgencies, 15 (2), 158-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/0959231042000282661 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0959231042000282661
- Soomro, M. A., & Rahman. B. H. (2018). War on terror partnership and growing/mounting/increasing/rising militant extremism in Pakistan. South Asian Studies, 33(2), 583-588.Spencer, G. (1997). Talking peace: Political communications through the television news media and the Northern Ireland peace process. Contemporary Politics, 267-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569779708449930 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13569779708449930
- Spencer, G. (1997). Talking peace: Political communications through the television news media and the Northern Ireland peace process. Contemporary Politics, 3(3), 267-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13 569779708449930 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13569779708449930
- Spencer, G. (2004). The impact of television news on the Northern Ireland peace negotiations. Media Culture and Society, 26(5), 603-623. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443704044218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443704044218
- Steven, M. C., & Gruenewald. J. (2006). The media's coverage of domestic terrorism. Justice Quarterly, 23(4), 428-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820600985305 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820600985305
- Tenenboim-Weinblatt, K., Hanitzsch, T., & Nagar, R. (2016). Beyond peace journalism. Journal of Peace Research, 53(2), 151-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343315609091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343315609091
- Talking to the TTP is a policy rotted in fear. (2014, January 14). Dawn, p. 7.
- The extremism and the violence in the TTP. (2014, February 23). Dawn, p. 6.
- Threats from the terrorists. (2014, February 20). Nawae Waqt, p. 7.
- Talks with the TTP. (2014, March 3). Dawn, p. 6.
- Talks are leading to failures. (2014, February 15). Nawae Waqt, p. 7.
- There is absolutely no doubt now that terrorism cannot be combated with dialogues. (2014, February 18). Nawae Waqt, p. 7.
- Umber, S., Ghauri M. J., & Shahzad, M. (2016). Pakistan press stance on Government-TTP Talks: Analysis of the editorial coverage in dailies: The Nation and The News. Journal of Punjab University Historical Society, 29(1), 149-169.
- Walkinson, P. (1997). The media and the terrorism: A reassessment. Terrorism and Political Violence, 9(2), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546559708427402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546559708427402
- Wolfsfeld, G. (1997). Fair weather friends: The varying role of the news media in the Arab-Israel peace process. Political Communication, 14(1), 29-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846097199524 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/105846097199524
- Wolfsfeld, G. (2011). The propaganda of peace: The role of media and culture in the Northern Ireland Peace process. Political Communication, 28 (3), 400-402. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2011.588870 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2011.588870
- Yadgar, Y. (2003). 'True Peace' to 'the Vision of the New Middle East': Rival images of peace in Israel. Journal of Peace Research, 40(2), 177-193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343303040002003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343303040002003
- Yusuf, S. (1999). Nigeria's membership in the OIC: Implications of print media coverage for peace. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 19(2), 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602009908716439 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13602009908716439
- The military threat is immediate. (2014, January 25). Dawn, p. 7.
- Yaad, Ziar (March 24, 2019). Peace Movement Blames Foreign Countries For Afghan War. TOLOnews. Archived from the original on May 30, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
- Yousaf, M. (2014, March 11). The talks with TTP were considered to be in vain. Dawn, p. 6.
- Zaidi, H. H. (2014, January 27). The choice is clear wither we fight the Taliban’s or hand over the country. News, p. 9.
References
Abunales, D. (2016). Peace Journalism: Preparing Aspiring Journalists to Value Culture of Peace. Asia Pacific Media Educator, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/1326365X16666851 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1326365X16666851
Almeida, C. (2014, February 16). The army is Enemy No 1 the TTP is always aching to hit it. Dawn, p. 6.
All sides must know (2014, February 2). Dawn, p. 7.
Anderson, L. (2015). Countering Islamophobia media representations: The potential role of peace journalism. Global Media and Communication, 11(3), 255-270. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766515606293 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766515606293
Armoudian, A., Milne, B. (2019). The politics of blame: Mass media messages and political violence during peace negotiations. Journalism, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919860280 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919860280
Arshad, I. S. (2014, February 15). What strategy should journalists adopt? Dawn, p. 6.
Arsali J. (2011). States vs. Non-State Actors: Asymmetric conflict of the 21st century and challenges to Military Transformations: INEGMA Special Report No.13.
Boaz, C. (2005). War and peace in the Media. Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 17(4), 335-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402650500374587 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10402650500374587
Carter, D. L., Thomas, R., & Ross, S. D. (2011). You are not a friend. Journalism Studies, 12(4), 456-473. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2010.530972 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2010.530972
Curtis, D. E. (2000). Conflict Peacebuilding Projects in Rwanda and Bosnia. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 21(1), 141-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2000.9669886 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2000.9669886
Drakos, K., & Gofas, A. (2006). The Devil You Know but Are Afraid to Face: Underreporting Bias and Its Distorting Effects on the Study of Terrorism. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(5), 714-735. ttps://doi.org/10.1177/0022002706291051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002706291051
Fahmy, S. & Eakin, B. (2014). High drama on the high seas: Peace versus war journalism framing of an Israeli / Palestinian related incident. The International Communication Gazette, 1(76), 86-105. https://doi.org/10. 1177/1748048513504046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048513504046
For the peace in the country. (2014, February 3). News, p. 8.
Galtung, J. (1999). Conflict transformation by peaceful means: The Transcend method. UN.
Gilboa, E. (2009). Media and conflict resolution: A framework for Analysis. Marquette Law Review, (93), 87-110.
Government dual policy. (2014, March 7). Nawae Waqt, p. 7.
Government dual policy. (2014, January 1). Nawae Waqt, p. 7.
Government military leadership. (2014, January 14). Dawn, p. 6.
Hastings, T. H. (2005). Media messaging and conflict. Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 17(4), 389-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402650500374652 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10402650500374652
Herfroy-Mischler, A., Friedman, E., (2018). The ‘blame game frame’: Ethical blame patterns and media framing upon negotiations failure in the Middle East. Journalism, 1-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918791219
Hussain, K. (2014, February 27). The way forward to bring an end to extremism in the country. Dawn, p. 7.
Hussain, M. (2014, February 21). Military operation the only option. Dawn, p. 6.
Hussain, Z. (2014, February 25). The TTP is a proscribed terrorist organization. Dawn, p. 6.
Hussain, Z. (2014, January 1). HALF the battle was lost long ago when our national leaders embraced the militant narrative and legitimized violence. Dawn, p. 7.
Hussain, S. (2016). Media coverage of Taliban: Is peace journalism the solution? Asia Pacific Media Educator, 26(1), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1326365X16640340 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1326365X16640340
Irfan, S. (2014, March 10). The Taliban are trained only to pull a trigger. Dawn, p. 6.
Lacasse, K., & Forster, L. (2012). The war next door: Peace journalism in US local and distant newspapers’ coverage of Mexico. Media, War & Conflict, 5(3), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635212447907 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635212447907
Lee, S. T. & Maslog, C. C. (2005). War or peace journalism? Asian newspaper coverage of conflicts. Journal of Communication, 55(2), 311-329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02674.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02674.x
Martin, S. E. (2006). Media Pools and Military Interventions in the 1980s and 1990s. Journal of Peace Research, 43(5), 601-616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343306067062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343306067062
McGregor, L. (2006). Beyond the time and space of peace talks: Re-appropriating the peace process in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Peace Studies, 2(1), 39-57.
Miller, D. (2006). The media, propaganda and the peace process in Ireland. Media in Ireland: Issues in Broadcasting. Retrieved from http://www.medialens.org/articles/the_articles/northern_ireland.
Mitra, M. (2016). Socio-cultural contexts and peace journalism: A case for meso-level comparative sociological investigation of journalistic cultures. Journalism, 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916657510
Noorani, A. (1992). Media and Terrorism. Economic and Political Weekly, 27(26), 1301-1302.
No form of violence will be tolerated. (2014, March 4). Jang, p. 9.
Ottosen, R. (2010). The war in Afghanistan and peace journalism in practice. Media, War & Conflict, 3(3), 261-278. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635210378944 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635210378944
Peace talks and military operations. (2014, January 21). Nawe Waqt, p. 7.
Past talks have failed. (2014, March 3). Jang, p. 9.
Peri, Y. (2007). Intractable conflict and the media. Israel Studies, 12(1), 79-102. https://doi.org/10.29 79/ISR.2007.12.1.79 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/is.2007.0007
Rahman, B. H. & Eijaz, A. (2014). Pakistani media as an agent of conflict or conflict resolution: A case of Lal Masjid in Urdu and English dailies. Pakistan Vision, 15(2).
Raja, A. Z. (2014, March 5). The obstinate attitude of TTP was thought could only be handled with brutal force. Nawae Waqt, p. 7.
Rana, A. M. (2014, February 9). The talks… are designed to fail. Dawn, p. 6.
Raza, A. M., (2014, February 23). Government in a joint effort with the military leadership. Dawn, p. 7.
Reuben, R. C. (2009a). The impact of news coverage on conflict: Toward greater understanding. Marquette Law Review, 45-83.
Reuben, R. C. (2009b). The Impact of News Coverage on Conflict: Toward Greater Understanding. Marquette Law Review, 93, 45-83.
Reychler, L. (2006). Challenges of peace research. International Journal of Peace Studies,11(1) 1-16.
Rohner, D., & Frey, B. S. (2007). Blood and Ink! The common-interest-game between terrorists and the media. Public Choice, 133 (1/2), 129-145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-007-9182-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-007-9182-9
Sattar, B. (2014, February 24). WHY is it that those who support enforcement of a regressive brand of Sharia. Dawn, p. 6.
Sattar, B. (2014, February 3). If wishes were horses, peace talks with terrorists would produce happy endings. Dawn, p. 6.
Savun, B., & Phillips, B. J. (2009). Democracy, Foreign policy and terrorism. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53(6), 878-904. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002709342978 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002709342978
Scott, J. L. (2001). Media congestion limits media terrorism. Defence and Peace Economics, 12(3), 215-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10430710108404985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10430710108404985
Slone, M. (2000). Responses to media coverage of terrorism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 44(4), 508-522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002700044004005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002700044004005
Smith, K. (2004). The importance of the Media in Peace operations. Small wars & Insurgencies, 15 (2), 158-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/0959231042000282661 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0959231042000282661
Soomro, M. A., & Rahman. B. H. (2018). War on terror partnership and growing/mounting/increasing/rising militant extremism in Pakistan. South Asian Studies, 33(2), 583-588.Spencer, G. (1997). Talking peace: Political communications through the television news media and the Northern Ireland peace process. Contemporary Politics, 267-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569779708449930 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13569779708449930
Spencer, G. (1997). Talking peace: Political communications through the television news media and the Northern Ireland peace process. Contemporary Politics, 3(3), 267-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13 569779708449930 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13569779708449930
Spencer, G. (2004). The impact of television news on the Northern Ireland peace negotiations. Media Culture and Society, 26(5), 603-623. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443704044218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443704044218
Steven, M. C., & Gruenewald. J. (2006). The media's coverage of domestic terrorism. Justice Quarterly, 23(4), 428-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820600985305 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820600985305
Tenenboim-Weinblatt, K., Hanitzsch, T., & Nagar, R. (2016). Beyond peace journalism. Journal of Peace Research, 53(2), 151-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343315609091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343315609091
Talking to the TTP is a policy rotted in fear. (2014, January 14). Dawn, p. 7.
The extremism and the violence in the TTP. (2014, February 23). Dawn, p. 6.
Threats from the terrorists. (2014, February 20). Nawae Waqt, p. 7.
Talks with the TTP. (2014, March 3). Dawn, p. 6.
Talks are leading to failures. (2014, February 15). Nawae Waqt, p. 7.
There is absolutely no doubt now that terrorism cannot be combated with dialogues. (2014, February 18). Nawae Waqt, p. 7.
Umber, S., Ghauri M. J., & Shahzad, M. (2016). Pakistan press stance on Government-TTP Talks: Analysis of the editorial coverage in dailies: The Nation and The News. Journal of Punjab University Historical Society, 29(1), 149-169.
Walkinson, P. (1997). The media and the terrorism: A reassessment. Terrorism and Political Violence, 9(2), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546559708427402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546559708427402
Wolfsfeld, G. (1997). Fair weather friends: The varying role of the news media in the Arab-Israel peace process. Political Communication, 14(1), 29-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846097199524 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/105846097199524
Wolfsfeld, G. (2011). The propaganda of peace: The role of media and culture in the Northern Ireland Peace process. Political Communication, 28 (3), 400-402. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2011.588870 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2011.588870
Yadgar, Y. (2003). 'True Peace' to 'the Vision of the New Middle East': Rival images of peace in Israel. Journal of Peace Research, 40(2), 177-193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343303040002003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343303040002003
Yusuf, S. (1999). Nigeria's membership in the OIC: Implications of print media coverage for peace. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 19(2), 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602009908716439 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13602009908716439
The military threat is immediate. (2014, January 25). Dawn, p. 7.
Yaad, Ziar (March 24, 2019). Peace Movement Blames Foreign Countries For Afghan War. TOLOnews. Archived from the original on May 30, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
Yousaf, M. (2014, March 11). The talks with TTP were considered to be in vain. Dawn, p. 6.
Zaidi, H. H. (2014, January 27). The choice is clear wither we fight the Taliban’s or hand over the country. News, p. 9.