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GENDER DIFFERENCES WHILE PERFORMING AN EVERYDAY PERCEPTUAL-MOTOR TASK
Corresponding Author(s) : Muhammad Azam
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The aim of this paper was to study gender differences regarding their perceptual judgment and movement behavior in the road crossing task.
Methodology: A simulated road crossing environment outside the Human Motor Behavior laboratory (HMBL) was used to examine the individuals’ perceptual-motor behavior. Twenty-four young adults performed the road crossing task in the virtual environment judging whether the available gap was crossable or not crossable and then initiating movement depending on the perceptual information.
Main Findings: Participants’ gap selection revealed that their cross-ability was influenced by vehicle speed, however, female participants made more errors relative to males. In addition, females took longer to cross and made unnecessary adjustments during crossings. The study findings suggest that females’ erroneous perceptual decisions and inconsistent locomotion behavior in road-crossing put them at higher risk relative to their male counterparts.
Application of this study: The findings of this study may apply to developing training programs regarding pedestrian individuals. Training with performing road-crossing tasks may prove to be helpful for refining individuals’ perceptual judgment and movement behavior to minimize chances of accidents in road crossing. Specifically, having experience with the road-crossing task in a virtual environment may reduce the tendency towards risk-taking behavior.
The novelty of this study: Most of the past research regarding pedestrian individuals’ road crossing behavior examined participants’ perceptual judgment (perception) in standing position only or did not analyze movement behavior in the actual walking set up. The approach utilized in our experiment was novel in this regard; individuals can choose to cross a gap and walk wearing a head-mounted display.
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- Azam, M., Ali, A., & Chung, H. C. (2020). Whether short-term experience can enhance perceptual-motor learning in a moving (vehicular) gap interception task. The Spark, 5(1), 13-27.
- Azam, M., Choi, G., & Chung, H. C. (2020). An HMD-based pedestrian simulator for training and measuring individuals perceptual-motor behaviour in road crossing. International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 7(4), 325-342. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHFE.2020.112501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHFE.2020.112501
- Cavallo, V., Dommes, A., Dang, N.-T., & Vienne, F. (2019). A street-crossing simulator for studying and training pedestrians. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 61, 217-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2017.04.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2017.04.012
- Chung, H. C., Choi, G., & Azam, M. (2020). Effects of initial starting distance and gap characteristics on children’s and young adults’ velocity regulation when intercepting moving gaps. Human Factors, 62(6), 1002-1018. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819867501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819867501
- Dicks, M., Clashing, C., O'Reilly, L., & Mills, C. (2016). Perceptual-motor behaviour during a simulated pedestrian crossing. Gait & Posture, 49, 241-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.07.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.07.003
- Fajen, B. R. (2007). Affordance-based control of visually guided action. Ecological Psychology, 19(4), 383-410. https://doi.org/10.1080/10407410701557877 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10407410701557877
- Feldstein, I. T. (2019). Impending collision judgment from an egocentric perspective in real and virtual environments: a review. Perception, 48(9), 769-795. https://doi.org/10.1177/0301006619861892 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0301006619861892
- Feldstein, I. T., & Dyszak, G. N. (2020). Road crossing decisions in real and virtual environments: A comparative study on simulator validity. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 137, 105356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.105356 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.105356
- Feldstein, I. T., Lehsing, C., Dietrich, A., & Bengler, K. (2018). Pedestrian simulators for traffic research: state of the art and future of a motion lab. International Journal of Human Factors Modelling and Simulation, 6(4), 250-265. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHFMS.2018.096128 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHFMS.2018.096128
- Gibson, J. J. (2014). The ecological approach to visual perception: classic edition: Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315740218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315740218
- Holland, C., & Hill, R. (2010). Gender differences in factors predicting unsafe crossing decisions in adult pedestrians across the lifespan: a simulation study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(4), 1097-1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.12.023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.12.023
- Kontou, E., McDonald, N. C., Brookshire, K., Pullen-Seufert, N. C., & LaJeunesse, S. (2020). U.S. active school travel in 2017: Prevalence and correlates. Preventive Medicine Reports, 17, 101024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.101024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.101024
- Lee, D. N., Young, D. S., & McLaughlin, C. M. (2007). A roadside simulation of road crossing for children. Ergonomics, 27(12), 1271-1281. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138408963608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138408963608
- Lobjois, R., Benguigui, N., & Cavallo, V. (2013). The effects of age and traffic density on street-crossing behavior. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 53, 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.12.028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.12.028
- Lobjois, R., & Cavallo, V. (2007). Age-related differences in street-crossing decisions: the effects of vehicle speed and time constraints on gap selection in an estimation task. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 39(5), 934-943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2006.12.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2006.12.013
- Lobjois, R., & Cavallo, V. (2009). The effects of aging on street-crossing behavior: from estimation to actual crossing. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 41(2), 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.12.001
- Manser, M. P., & Hancock, P. A. (1996). Influence of approach angle on estimates of time-to-contact. Ecological Psychology, 8(1), 71-99. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326969eco0801_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326969eco0801_4
- Meyers-Levy, J., & Loken, B. (2015). Revisiting gender differences: What we know and what lies ahead. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25(1), 129-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2014.06.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2014.06.003
- Montgomery, J., Kusano, K. D., & Gabler, H. C. (2014). Age and gender differences in time to collision at braking from the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study. Traffic injury prevention, 15 Suppl 1(sup1), S15-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2014.928703 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2014.928703
- Moreno-Briseno, P., Diaz, R., Campos-Romo, A., & Fernandez-Ruiz, J. (2010). Sex-related differences in motor learning and performance. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-6-74 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-6-74
- Morrongiello, B. A., Corbett, M., Milanovic, M., Pyne, S., & Vierich, R. (2015). Innovations in using virtual reality to study how children cross streets in traffic: evidence for evasive action skills. Injury Prevention, 21(4), 266-270. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041357
- Oudejans, R. R., Michaels, C. F., Bakker, F. C., & Dolne, M. A. (1996). The relevance of action in perceiving affordances: perception of catchableness of fly balls. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception Performance, 22(4), 879-891. https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-1523.22.4.879 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.22.4.879
- Papic, Z., Jovic, A., Simeunovic, M., Saulic, N., & Lazarevic, M. (2020). Underestimation tendencies of vehicle speed by pedestrians when crossing unmarked roadway. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 143, 105586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105586 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105586
- Plumert, J. M., & Kearney, J. K. (2018). Timing Is Almost Everything: How Children Perceive and Act on Dynamic Affordances. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 55, 173-204. https://doi.org/10.101 6/bs.acdb.2018.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2018.05.002
- Plumert, J. M., Kearney, J. K., Cremer, J. F., Recker, K. M., & Strutt, J. (2011). Changes in children's perception-action tuning over short time scales: bicycling across traffic-filled intersections in a virtual environment. Journal of experimental child psychology, 108(2), 322-337. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.jecp.2010.07.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2010.07.005
- Stoffregen, T. Α. (2018). Affordances as properties of the animal-environment system. In How Shall Affordances Be Refined? Four Perspectives (pp. 115-134): Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203726655-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203726655-2
- Teo, A. R., & Gaw, A. C. (2010). Hikikomori, a Japanese culture-bound syndrome of social withdrawal?: a proposal for DSM-5. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(6), 444-449. https://doi.org/10.1097/N MD.0b013e3181e086b1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181e086b1
- Tom, A., & Granie, M. A. (2011). Gender differences in pedestrian rule compliance and visual search at signalized and unsignalized crossroads. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(5), 1794-1801. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.aap.2011.04.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.04.012
- Warren, W. H. (2006). The dynamics of perception and action. Psychological Review, 113(2), 358-389. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.113.2.358 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.113.2.358
- WHO. (2018). Global status report on road safety 2018 (9789241565684). Retrieved from https://www.who.int /publications/i/item/9789241565684
- Zeng, N., Ayyub, M., Sun, H., Wen, X., Xiang, P., & Gao, Z. (2017). Effects of physical activity on motor skills and cognitive development in early childhood: a systematic review. BioMed Research International, 2017, 2760716. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2760716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2760716
References
Azam, M., Ali, A., & Chung, H. C. (2020). Whether short-term experience can enhance perceptual-motor learning in a moving (vehicular) gap interception task. The Spark, 5(1), 13-27.
Azam, M., Choi, G., & Chung, H. C. (2020). An HMD-based pedestrian simulator for training and measuring individuals perceptual-motor behaviour in road crossing. International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 7(4), 325-342. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHFE.2020.112501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHFE.2020.112501
Cavallo, V., Dommes, A., Dang, N.-T., & Vienne, F. (2019). A street-crossing simulator for studying and training pedestrians. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 61, 217-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2017.04.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2017.04.012
Chung, H. C., Choi, G., & Azam, M. (2020). Effects of initial starting distance and gap characteristics on children’s and young adults’ velocity regulation when intercepting moving gaps. Human Factors, 62(6), 1002-1018. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819867501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819867501
Dicks, M., Clashing, C., O'Reilly, L., & Mills, C. (2016). Perceptual-motor behaviour during a simulated pedestrian crossing. Gait & Posture, 49, 241-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.07.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.07.003
Fajen, B. R. (2007). Affordance-based control of visually guided action. Ecological Psychology, 19(4), 383-410. https://doi.org/10.1080/10407410701557877 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10407410701557877
Feldstein, I. T. (2019). Impending collision judgment from an egocentric perspective in real and virtual environments: a review. Perception, 48(9), 769-795. https://doi.org/10.1177/0301006619861892 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0301006619861892
Feldstein, I. T., & Dyszak, G. N. (2020). Road crossing decisions in real and virtual environments: A comparative study on simulator validity. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 137, 105356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.105356 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.105356
Feldstein, I. T., Lehsing, C., Dietrich, A., & Bengler, K. (2018). Pedestrian simulators for traffic research: state of the art and future of a motion lab. International Journal of Human Factors Modelling and Simulation, 6(4), 250-265. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHFMS.2018.096128 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHFMS.2018.096128
Gibson, J. J. (2014). The ecological approach to visual perception: classic edition: Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315740218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315740218
Holland, C., & Hill, R. (2010). Gender differences in factors predicting unsafe crossing decisions in adult pedestrians across the lifespan: a simulation study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(4), 1097-1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.12.023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.12.023
Kontou, E., McDonald, N. C., Brookshire, K., Pullen-Seufert, N. C., & LaJeunesse, S. (2020). U.S. active school travel in 2017: Prevalence and correlates. Preventive Medicine Reports, 17, 101024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.101024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.101024
Lee, D. N., Young, D. S., & McLaughlin, C. M. (2007). A roadside simulation of road crossing for children. Ergonomics, 27(12), 1271-1281. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138408963608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138408963608
Lobjois, R., Benguigui, N., & Cavallo, V. (2013). The effects of age and traffic density on street-crossing behavior. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 53, 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.12.028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.12.028
Lobjois, R., & Cavallo, V. (2007). Age-related differences in street-crossing decisions: the effects of vehicle speed and time constraints on gap selection in an estimation task. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 39(5), 934-943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2006.12.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2006.12.013
Lobjois, R., & Cavallo, V. (2009). The effects of aging on street-crossing behavior: from estimation to actual crossing. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 41(2), 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.12.001
Manser, M. P., & Hancock, P. A. (1996). Influence of approach angle on estimates of time-to-contact. Ecological Psychology, 8(1), 71-99. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326969eco0801_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326969eco0801_4
Meyers-Levy, J., & Loken, B. (2015). Revisiting gender differences: What we know and what lies ahead. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25(1), 129-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2014.06.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2014.06.003
Montgomery, J., Kusano, K. D., & Gabler, H. C. (2014). Age and gender differences in time to collision at braking from the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study. Traffic injury prevention, 15 Suppl 1(sup1), S15-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2014.928703 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2014.928703
Moreno-Briseno, P., Diaz, R., Campos-Romo, A., & Fernandez-Ruiz, J. (2010). Sex-related differences in motor learning and performance. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-6-74 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-6-74
Morrongiello, B. A., Corbett, M., Milanovic, M., Pyne, S., & Vierich, R. (2015). Innovations in using virtual reality to study how children cross streets in traffic: evidence for evasive action skills. Injury Prevention, 21(4), 266-270. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041357
Oudejans, R. R., Michaels, C. F., Bakker, F. C., & Dolne, M. A. (1996). The relevance of action in perceiving affordances: perception of catchableness of fly balls. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception Performance, 22(4), 879-891. https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-1523.22.4.879 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.22.4.879
Papic, Z., Jovic, A., Simeunovic, M., Saulic, N., & Lazarevic, M. (2020). Underestimation tendencies of vehicle speed by pedestrians when crossing unmarked roadway. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 143, 105586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105586 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105586
Plumert, J. M., & Kearney, J. K. (2018). Timing Is Almost Everything: How Children Perceive and Act on Dynamic Affordances. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 55, 173-204. https://doi.org/10.101 6/bs.acdb.2018.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2018.05.002
Plumert, J. M., Kearney, J. K., Cremer, J. F., Recker, K. M., & Strutt, J. (2011). Changes in children's perception-action tuning over short time scales: bicycling across traffic-filled intersections in a virtual environment. Journal of experimental child psychology, 108(2), 322-337. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.jecp.2010.07.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2010.07.005
Stoffregen, T. Α. (2018). Affordances as properties of the animal-environment system. In How Shall Affordances Be Refined? Four Perspectives (pp. 115-134): Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203726655-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203726655-2
Teo, A. R., & Gaw, A. C. (2010). Hikikomori, a Japanese culture-bound syndrome of social withdrawal?: a proposal for DSM-5. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(6), 444-449. https://doi.org/10.1097/N MD.0b013e3181e086b1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181e086b1
Tom, A., & Granie, M. A. (2011). Gender differences in pedestrian rule compliance and visual search at signalized and unsignalized crossroads. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(5), 1794-1801. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.aap.2011.04.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.04.012
Warren, W. H. (2006). The dynamics of perception and action. Psychological Review, 113(2), 358-389. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.113.2.358 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.113.2.358
WHO. (2018). Global status report on road safety 2018 (9789241565684). Retrieved from https://www.who.int /publications/i/item/9789241565684
Zeng, N., Ayyub, M., Sun, H., Wen, X., Xiang, P., & Gao, Z. (2017). Effects of physical activity on motor skills and cognitive development in early childhood: a systematic review. BioMed Research International, 2017, 2760716. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2760716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2760716