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PLANT METAPHOR OF LOVE IN ENGLISH AND KHOWAR: A CROSS-CULTURAL LINGUISTIC STUDY
Corresponding Author(s) : Irfan Ali Shah
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The study aims to explore the 'plant metaphors' in English and Khowar to conceptualize the emotion concept 'love.' It is intended to examine the universally shared understanding and cultural embodiment of the emotional concept of love in terms of plant/s to show the organic nature of Khowar like English for contributing in the existing literature.
Methodology: Qualitative content analysis was employed as a method, and the data were collected systematically. The data was studied and examined thoroughly and coded into manageable categories as well as sorted into similar groups thematically to explore the similarities and differences of the conceptual metaphors in English and Khowar. The thematically categorized plant metaphors of love were interpreted within Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT).
Findings: The study revealed that the Khowar speech community seemed to express their love indirectly by employing the names of various plants metaphorically to express their love: whereas the English people seemed to be more eager to express their love frankly and directly. Thus, the 'plant metaphors' to conceptualize the emotion concept 'love' seemed to be culturally embodied rather than universal.
Applications: This paper will open a fresh avenue in the field of cognitive linguistics by unwrapping the plant metaphors of love in English and Khowar for debate and discussion academically. Besides, this paper will contribute to the existing body of literature in the field. Moreover, it will encourage researching the marginalized languages like Khowar.
Novelty: This study was conducted from the orientalist perspective to show the organic or living nature of the Khowar language and culture in terms of English. Such study on the topic has yet not been conducted to fill the gap in the field of cognitive linguistics. It intended to preserve Khowar in the phase of globalization.
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- Ali Shah, S. A., & Wali, M. I. (2021). Manifestations of CONTAINER METAPHOR OF LOVE in English and Khowar: A Cross Cultural Linguistics Study. Ilkogretim Online, 20(5). https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870 .2019.1709463
- Ali, M. (2020). Donald Trump’s immigration speech: How metaphors function to convey messages. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2019.1709463
- Ali, S. S. (2020). Conceptualization of Worldview through Proverbs: a comparative study of Kalasha and Khowar proverbs. Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities (1994-7046), 28(2).
- Anudo, C. N., & Kodak, B. (2017). A Conceptual Analysis of Love Metaphors in Selected Dholuo Popular Music.International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 6(3), 168-176.
- Ansah, G. (2010). The Cultural Basis of Conceptual Metaphors: The Case of Emotions in Akan and English. Papers from LAEL PG, 5.
- Ansah, G. N. (2010). The cultural basis of conceptual metaphors: The case of emotions in Akan and English. LAEL PG, 5, 2-26.
- Bari, S., Ahmed, S., & Tabassum, S. (2020). Diminishing local Languages in the Era of Globalization: A Case Study of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 3(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.52337/pjia.v3i2.10
- Curzen, L., (2012). In the Indian Frontier. Pakistan, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publisher.
- Decker, K. D. (1992). Languages of Chitral. National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University press, pp. 28-41.
- Fauconnier, G.,Turner, M. (1980). The Way We Think Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities. University of Chicago Press.
- Fu, X. (2010). The Love is a Unity metaphor in love song lyrics. Studentuppsats (Examensarbete). Retrieved from http: www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:292742/FULLTEXT01.pdf
- Gabsi, Z. (2020). The language of hip hop and rap in Tunisia: socio-cultural mirror, authenticity tool, and herald of change.The Journal of North African Studies, 25(4), 545-571. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2 019.1634557 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2019.1634557
- Geeraerts, D, & Cuyckens, H, ed. (2012). The Oxford Hand Book of Cognitive Linguistics. Online, 10.1093/oxford /9780199738632.013.0001
- Gibbs, R. (1994). The Poetics of mind: Figurative thought, language, and understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Grant, D., & Oswick, C. (Eds.). (1996). Metaphor and organizations. London: Sage.
- Györi, G. (1998). Cultural Variation in the Conceptualization of Emotions: A Historical Study. In Athanasiadou, A. & Tabakowska, E. (eds.), Speaking of Emotions: Conceptualization and Expression. Berlin and New York: Mouton Gruyter, pp. 99-124.
- Hamdi, S. (2015). A Cognitive Study of Happiness Metaphors in English, Tunisian Arabic, and Spanish. Arab World English Journal, 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol6no1.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol6no1.11
- Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S.E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
- Israr, D. (2012). Sir: Muhammad Nasirul Mulk. Peshawar: Peshawar University.
- Khristianto, K., & Budiman, A. (2019). Metaphor Play between Jokowi and Prabowo in the Last Battle. Elite Journal,1(2), 155-164.
- Kövecses, Z. (2002). Metaphor. A practical introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Kovecses, Z. (2005). Metaphor in Culture. Universality and Variation. New York/Cambridge׃ Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614408 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614408
- Kuczok, M. (2016). Precious possession, war or journey? Conceptual metaphors for LIFE in American English, Hungarian and Polish. Various dimensions of contrastive studies, 157-170.
- Kuczok, M. (2017). Amazing grace that saved a wretch like me. Conceptual metaphors for GRACE in Christian discourse (on the basis of John Henry Newman's sermons). Acta Neophilologica, 1(XIX), 257-267. https://doi.org/10.31648/an.686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31648/an.686
- Kuczok, M. (2020). Vegetalizations in John Henry Newman's "Sermons on Subjects of the Day. Linguistica Silesiana, 41, 155-166.
- Lada, A., (2020). Cultural Conceptualizations and Manifestations of Conceptual metaphors in British Press on Refugees Crisis., (Doctoral dissertation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki).
- Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
- Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary theory of metaphor. In Ortony, A. (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (2nd ed., pp. 202-251). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173865.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173865.013
- Lakoff, G., & Turner, M. (1989). More than cool reason: A field guide to poetic metaphor. Chicago: Chicago University Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226470986.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226470986.001.0001
- Lapasau, M., Setiawati, S., & Mayasari, I. (2020, December). Conceptual Metaphors in Modern Indonesian Literature and Their Implication in Language Learning. In 1st International Conference on Folklore, Language, Education and Exhibition (ICOFLEX 2019) (pp. 235-240). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr. k.201230.044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201230.044
- Liljegren, H., & Khan, A. A. (2017). Khowar. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 47(2), 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100316000220 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100316000220
- Liu, X., Zhao, G. (2013). A Comparative Study of Emotion Metaphors between English and Chinese. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.1.155-162 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.1.155-162
- Liu, D, & Mo, Q. (2020). Conceptual Metaphors and Image Schemas: A Corpus Analysis of the Development of the On Track/Off Track Idiom Pair. Journal of English Linguistics, 48(2), 137-165. https://doi.org/10.117 7/0075424220912455 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220912455
- Luan, L. & Sun, W. (2021). A Study on Conceptual Metaphors in the Report on the Work of the Government (2020). Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.26689/jcer.v5i1.1810 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26689/jcer.v5i1.1810
- Lutz, C. A. (1988). Unnatural emotions: Everyday sentiments on a Micronesian atoll and their challenge to Western theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226219783 .001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226219783.001.0001
- Machakanja, I. (2006). Conceptual Metaphors in English and Shona: Across Linguistic and Cross-cultural Study. Ph.D. dissertation, University of South Africa.
- Magnus, M. (2005). Living Islam: Muslim Religious Experience in Pakistan’s North-West Frontier. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 40.
- Mashak, S. P., Pazhakh, A., & Hayati, A. (2012). A comparative study on basic emotion conceptual metaphors in English and Persian literary texts. International Education Studies, 5(1), 200-207. https://doi.org/10.5539/ie s.v5n1p200 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v5n1p200
- Pinker, S. (1997). "How The Mind Works." New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- Retová, D. (2008). Analysis of conceptual metaphors of selected emotions in Slovac language. Univerzita Komenskego v Bratislave, Fadulta Matematiky, Fysiky a informatiky.
- Richards, I. A. (1936). The philosophy of rhetoric. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ronald, W. (1991). Foundations of cognitive grammar. 2 vols. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
- Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism: western conceptions of the orient. UK: UK Rutledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
- Shah, S. A. A., & Anwar. S. A., (2019). Diachronic and Synchronic Development of Khowar Language in Chitral: KP District (Pakistan), Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 5(1)14-20.
- Shah, S. A. A., & Samad, A. U. (2018). A Comparative Study of Emotion Metaphor between English and Khowar. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 4(5), 19-24.
- Shah, S. A. A., Sharar, T. U., & us Samad, A. (2019). The Development of Khow Culture and the Arrival of Islam in District Chitral Pakistan. Journal of Religious Studies, 2(2), 46-63.
- Sharma, R.S. (2012). Applied Linguistics, Stylistics, Language teaching, Neurogrammar, Lexicography, and Translation. New Delhi, Atlantic publishers (p) LTD, p. 17.
- Sloan, M. I. (1981). Khowar-English Dictionary. Peshawar: Peshawar Sheikh Shah Publisher.
- Sweetser, E. (1990). From Etymology to Pragmatics. Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620904 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620904
- Talmy, L. (1988). Force dynamics in language and cognition. Cognitive science, 12(1), 49-100. https://doi.org/ 10.1207/s15516709cog1201_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1201_2
- Talmy, L. (2000). Toward a cognitive semantics. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.75 51/mitpress/6847.001.0001
- Warburton, R. (2007). Eighteen years in the Khyber. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publishers, p. 229.
- Yu, N. (1998). The contemporary theory of metaphor: a Perspective from Chinese. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publisher. https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.1
- Zahur, H. (n.d.). Khowar Folk Tales. Unpublished documents in Khowar literature with English translation.
References
Ali Shah, S. A., & Wali, M. I. (2021). Manifestations of CONTAINER METAPHOR OF LOVE in English and Khowar: A Cross Cultural Linguistics Study. Ilkogretim Online, 20(5). https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870 .2019.1709463
Ali, M. (2020). Donald Trump’s immigration speech: How metaphors function to convey messages. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2019.1709463
Ali, S. S. (2020). Conceptualization of Worldview through Proverbs: a comparative study of Kalasha and Khowar proverbs. Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities (1994-7046), 28(2).
Anudo, C. N., & Kodak, B. (2017). A Conceptual Analysis of Love Metaphors in Selected Dholuo Popular Music.International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 6(3), 168-176.
Ansah, G. (2010). The Cultural Basis of Conceptual Metaphors: The Case of Emotions in Akan and English. Papers from LAEL PG, 5.
Ansah, G. N. (2010). The cultural basis of conceptual metaphors: The case of emotions in Akan and English. LAEL PG, 5, 2-26.
Bari, S., Ahmed, S., & Tabassum, S. (2020). Diminishing local Languages in the Era of Globalization: A Case Study of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 3(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.52337/pjia.v3i2.10
Curzen, L., (2012). In the Indian Frontier. Pakistan, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publisher.
Decker, K. D. (1992). Languages of Chitral. National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University press, pp. 28-41.
Fauconnier, G.,Turner, M. (1980). The Way We Think Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities. University of Chicago Press.
Fu, X. (2010). The Love is a Unity metaphor in love song lyrics. Studentuppsats (Examensarbete). Retrieved from http: www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:292742/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Gabsi, Z. (2020). The language of hip hop and rap in Tunisia: socio-cultural mirror, authenticity tool, and herald of change.The Journal of North African Studies, 25(4), 545-571. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2 019.1634557 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2019.1634557
Geeraerts, D, & Cuyckens, H, ed. (2012). The Oxford Hand Book of Cognitive Linguistics. Online, 10.1093/oxford /9780199738632.013.0001
Gibbs, R. (1994). The Poetics of mind: Figurative thought, language, and understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Grant, D., & Oswick, C. (Eds.). (1996). Metaphor and organizations. London: Sage.
Györi, G. (1998). Cultural Variation in the Conceptualization of Emotions: A Historical Study. In Athanasiadou, A. & Tabakowska, E. (eds.), Speaking of Emotions: Conceptualization and Expression. Berlin and New York: Mouton Gruyter, pp. 99-124.
Hamdi, S. (2015). A Cognitive Study of Happiness Metaphors in English, Tunisian Arabic, and Spanish. Arab World English Journal, 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol6no1.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol6no1.11
Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S.E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
Israr, D. (2012). Sir: Muhammad Nasirul Mulk. Peshawar: Peshawar University.
Khristianto, K., & Budiman, A. (2019). Metaphor Play between Jokowi and Prabowo in the Last Battle. Elite Journal,1(2), 155-164.
Kövecses, Z. (2002). Metaphor. A practical introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kovecses, Z. (2005). Metaphor in Culture. Universality and Variation. New York/Cambridge׃ Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614408 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614408
Kuczok, M. (2016). Precious possession, war or journey? Conceptual metaphors for LIFE in American English, Hungarian and Polish. Various dimensions of contrastive studies, 157-170.
Kuczok, M. (2017). Amazing grace that saved a wretch like me. Conceptual metaphors for GRACE in Christian discourse (on the basis of John Henry Newman's sermons). Acta Neophilologica, 1(XIX), 257-267. https://doi.org/10.31648/an.686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31648/an.686
Kuczok, M. (2020). Vegetalizations in John Henry Newman's "Sermons on Subjects of the Day. Linguistica Silesiana, 41, 155-166.
Lada, A., (2020). Cultural Conceptualizations and Manifestations of Conceptual metaphors in British Press on Refugees Crisis., (Doctoral dissertation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki).
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary theory of metaphor. In Ortony, A. (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (2nd ed., pp. 202-251). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173865.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173865.013
Lakoff, G., & Turner, M. (1989). More than cool reason: A field guide to poetic metaphor. Chicago: Chicago University Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226470986.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226470986.001.0001
Lapasau, M., Setiawati, S., & Mayasari, I. (2020, December). Conceptual Metaphors in Modern Indonesian Literature and Their Implication in Language Learning. In 1st International Conference on Folklore, Language, Education and Exhibition (ICOFLEX 2019) (pp. 235-240). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr. k.201230.044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201230.044
Liljegren, H., & Khan, A. A. (2017). Khowar. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 47(2), 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100316000220 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100316000220
Liu, X., Zhao, G. (2013). A Comparative Study of Emotion Metaphors between English and Chinese. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.1.155-162 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.1.155-162
Liu, D, & Mo, Q. (2020). Conceptual Metaphors and Image Schemas: A Corpus Analysis of the Development of the On Track/Off Track Idiom Pair. Journal of English Linguistics, 48(2), 137-165. https://doi.org/10.117 7/0075424220912455 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220912455
Luan, L. & Sun, W. (2021). A Study on Conceptual Metaphors in the Report on the Work of the Government (2020). Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.26689/jcer.v5i1.1810 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26689/jcer.v5i1.1810
Lutz, C. A. (1988). Unnatural emotions: Everyday sentiments on a Micronesian atoll and their challenge to Western theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226219783 .001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226219783.001.0001
Machakanja, I. (2006). Conceptual Metaphors in English and Shona: Across Linguistic and Cross-cultural Study. Ph.D. dissertation, University of South Africa.
Magnus, M. (2005). Living Islam: Muslim Religious Experience in Pakistan’s North-West Frontier. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 40.
Mashak, S. P., Pazhakh, A., & Hayati, A. (2012). A comparative study on basic emotion conceptual metaphors in English and Persian literary texts. International Education Studies, 5(1), 200-207. https://doi.org/10.5539/ie s.v5n1p200 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v5n1p200
Pinker, S. (1997). "How The Mind Works." New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Retová, D. (2008). Analysis of conceptual metaphors of selected emotions in Slovac language. Univerzita Komenskego v Bratislave, Fadulta Matematiky, Fysiky a informatiky.
Richards, I. A. (1936). The philosophy of rhetoric. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ronald, W. (1991). Foundations of cognitive grammar. 2 vols. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism: western conceptions of the orient. UK: UK Rutledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
Shah, S. A. A., & Anwar. S. A., (2019). Diachronic and Synchronic Development of Khowar Language in Chitral: KP District (Pakistan), Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 5(1)14-20.
Shah, S. A. A., & Samad, A. U. (2018). A Comparative Study of Emotion Metaphor between English and Khowar. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 4(5), 19-24.
Shah, S. A. A., Sharar, T. U., & us Samad, A. (2019). The Development of Khow Culture and the Arrival of Islam in District Chitral Pakistan. Journal of Religious Studies, 2(2), 46-63.
Sharma, R.S. (2012). Applied Linguistics, Stylistics, Language teaching, Neurogrammar, Lexicography, and Translation. New Delhi, Atlantic publishers (p) LTD, p. 17.
Sloan, M. I. (1981). Khowar-English Dictionary. Peshawar: Peshawar Sheikh Shah Publisher.
Sweetser, E. (1990). From Etymology to Pragmatics. Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620904 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620904
Talmy, L. (1988). Force dynamics in language and cognition. Cognitive science, 12(1), 49-100. https://doi.org/ 10.1207/s15516709cog1201_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1201_2
Talmy, L. (2000). Toward a cognitive semantics. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.75 51/mitpress/6847.001.0001
Warburton, R. (2007). Eighteen years in the Khyber. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publishers, p. 229.
Yu, N. (1998). The contemporary theory of metaphor: a Perspective from Chinese. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publisher. https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.1
Zahur, H. (n.d.). Khowar Folk Tales. Unpublished documents in Khowar literature with English translation.