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TRANSFORMING ENERGY SECTOR IMPACT FOR SUPPORTING CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION: THE CASE OF PAKISTAN
Corresponding Author(s) : Shahzada M. Naeem Nawaz
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study attempts to provide an analysis of the energy sector of Pakistan including generation and quality of electricity, and potential of renewables for climate change mitigation.
Methodology: The study used a quantitative approach for analysis. Primary and secondary data sources are used.
Main Findings: According to the quantitative analysis institutions fail to meet the growing demand due to insignificant or no increase in capacity to produce power. CO2 emissions are rising because of increased reliance on coal and other thermal sources for electricity generation.
Applications of this study: It proposes to increase the reliance on renewable resources and align the policy and regulatory framework for setting a sustainable economic system. The government should also plan for a rigorous electric supply system that would ensure the quality and sustainability of the electricity supply.
Novelty/Originality of this study: It sets a benchmark analysis and sets the direction for the policymakers especially at the stage when the country has settled the shortage issue, but at the cost of increasing fossils share in the fuel mix, whereas the transmission and distribution of electricity supply are ignored.
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- Bourne, R. (2019). How ‘Market Failure’ Arguments Lead to Misguided Policy. Retrieved from https:www.cato.org/policy-analysis/how-market-failure-arguments-lead-misguided-policy DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12346
- Brew-Hammond, A. and Kemausuor, F. (2009) Energy for all in Africa—To Be or Not to Be?! Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 1, 83-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.014
- DeLlano-Paz, F., Calvo-Silvosa, A., Antelo, S. I., & Soares, I. (2015). The European low-carbon mix for 2030: The role of renewable energy sources in an environmentally and socially efficient approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 48, 49-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.032
- Ganapati, S., Shapiro, J. S., & Walker, R. (2016). Energy prices, pass-through, and incidence in US manufacturing. US Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies Paper No. CES-WP-16-27. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2783473 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2783473
- GoP (2021). CPEC-Energy Priority Projects. Retrieved from http://cpec.gov.pk/energy
- GoP. (2013a and b). National Power Policy 2013. Retrieved from http://www.ppib.gov.pk/National Power Policy 2013.pdf
- Ibragimov, Z., Vasylieva, T. A., & Liulov, O. V. (2019). The national economy competitiveness: effect of macroeconomic stability, renewable energy on economic growth (Doctoral dissertation, VARAZDIN DEVELOPMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP AGENCY).
- Ichord, R. F. (2020). Transforming the power sector in developing countries: Geopolitics, poverty, and climate change in Pakistan. Retrieved from www.atlanticcouncil.org: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/transforming-the-power-sector-in-developing-countries-geopolitics-poverty-and-climate-change-in-pakistan/
- Irfan, M., Zhao, Z. Y., Ahmad, M., & Mukeshimana, M. C. (2019). Solar energy development in Pakistan: Barriers and policy recommendations. Sustainability, 11(4), 1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041206
- Jalilian, H., Kirkpatrick, C., & Parker, D. (2007). The impact of regulation on economic growth in developing countries: A cross-country analysis. World Development, 35(1), 87-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worl ddev.2006.09.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.09.005
- Khan, A. J. (2014). Structure and regulation of the electricity networks in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 505-528. https://doi.org/10.30541/v53i4IIpp.505-530 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30541/v53i4IIpp.505-530
- Liu, F., Ding, Y., Gao, J., & Gong, P. (2017). Effects of cost factors on national manufacturing based on global perspectives. Economies, 5(4), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies5040045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/economies5040045
- Luft, G. (2012). Energy Self-sufficiency: A Realistic Goal or a Pipe Dream? Retrieved from https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/energy-self-sufficiency-a-realistic-goal-or-a-pipe-dream
- Mirza, F. M., Fatima, N., & Ullah, K. (2019). Impact of China-Pakistan economic corridor on Pakistan's future energy consumption and energy saving potential: Evidence from sectoral time series analysis. Energy Strategy Reviews, 25, 34-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.04.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.04.015
- Mondale, M.A.H., Islam, A.K.M.S., (2010). Potential and Viability of Grid-Connected Solar PV system in Bangladesh. Renewable Energy, 36(6), 1869–1874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2010.11.033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2010.11.033
- Nawaz, S. M. N., & Alvi, S. (2018). Energy security for socio-economic and environmental sustainability in Pakistan. Heliyon, 4(10), e00854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00854 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00854
- Nayyar, Z.A., Zaigham N.A., Qadeer, A. (2014) Assessment of present conventional and non-conventional energy scenario of Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 31, 543-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.049
- Parish, D. (2006). A Report to the Operations Evaluation Department Asian Development Bank for the Country Assistance Program Evaluation for Pakistan: Evaluation of the Power Sector Operations in Pakistan. http://hdl.handle.net/11540/6160
- Parker, D, & Kirkpatrick, C. (2012). Measuring regulatory performance: the economic impact of regulatory policy: a literature review of quantitative evidence. OECD Expert Paper No. 3. Paris: OECD.
- Powell, J. A. (2014). Six policies to reduce economic inequality. Retrieved from https://belonging.berkeley.e du/six-policies-reduce-economic-inequality
- Shah, S. A. A., & Solangi, Y. A. (2019). A sustainable solution for electricity crisis in Pakistan: opportunities, barriers, and policy implications for 100% renewable energy. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(29), 29687-29703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06102-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06102-0
- Shaikh, F., Ji, Q., & Fan, Y. (2015). The diagnosis of an electricity crisis and alternative energy development in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1172-1185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rs er.2015.08.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.009
- State of Industry Reports (2020). National Electric Power Regulatory Authority. available at: http://www.nepra.org.pk/industryreports.htm
- The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. (1973). Retrieved from http://www.pakistani.org/p akistan/ constitution/part5.ch3.html
- United Nations Development Programme. (2019). Human Development Report. New York: UNDP. https://doi.org/10.18356/838f78fd-en DOI: https://doi.org/10.18356/838f78fd-en
- Valasai, G. D., Uqaili, M. A., Memon, H. R., Samoo, S. R., Mirjat, N. H., & Harijan, K. (2017). Overcoming electricity crisis in Pakistan: A review of sustainable electricity options. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 734-745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.097 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.097
- World Bank. (2017). Doing business 2018: reforming to create jobs. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1146-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1146-3
- Zuberi, M.J.S., Hasany, S. Z., Tariq, M.A., Fahrioglu, M., (2013). Assessment of biomass energy resources potential in Pakistan Power Generation, 4th International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives, Istanbul, 2013, pp. 1301-1306. https://doi.org/10.1109/PowerEng.2013.6635801 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PowerEng.2013.6635801
References
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Brew-Hammond, A. and Kemausuor, F. (2009) Energy for all in Africa—To Be or Not to Be?! Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 1, 83-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.014
DeLlano-Paz, F., Calvo-Silvosa, A., Antelo, S. I., & Soares, I. (2015). The European low-carbon mix for 2030: The role of renewable energy sources in an environmentally and socially efficient approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 48, 49-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.032
Ganapati, S., Shapiro, J. S., & Walker, R. (2016). Energy prices, pass-through, and incidence in US manufacturing. US Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies Paper No. CES-WP-16-27. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2783473 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2783473
GoP (2021). CPEC-Energy Priority Projects. Retrieved from http://cpec.gov.pk/energy
GoP. (2013a and b). National Power Policy 2013. Retrieved from http://www.ppib.gov.pk/National Power Policy 2013.pdf
Ibragimov, Z., Vasylieva, T. A., & Liulov, O. V. (2019). The national economy competitiveness: effect of macroeconomic stability, renewable energy on economic growth (Doctoral dissertation, VARAZDIN DEVELOPMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP AGENCY).
Ichord, R. F. (2020). Transforming the power sector in developing countries: Geopolitics, poverty, and climate change in Pakistan. Retrieved from www.atlanticcouncil.org: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/transforming-the-power-sector-in-developing-countries-geopolitics-poverty-and-climate-change-in-pakistan/
Irfan, M., Zhao, Z. Y., Ahmad, M., & Mukeshimana, M. C. (2019). Solar energy development in Pakistan: Barriers and policy recommendations. Sustainability, 11(4), 1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041206
Jalilian, H., Kirkpatrick, C., & Parker, D. (2007). The impact of regulation on economic growth in developing countries: A cross-country analysis. World Development, 35(1), 87-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worl ddev.2006.09.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.09.005
Khan, A. J. (2014). Structure and regulation of the electricity networks in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 505-528. https://doi.org/10.30541/v53i4IIpp.505-530 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30541/v53i4IIpp.505-530
Liu, F., Ding, Y., Gao, J., & Gong, P. (2017). Effects of cost factors on national manufacturing based on global perspectives. Economies, 5(4), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies5040045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/economies5040045
Luft, G. (2012). Energy Self-sufficiency: A Realistic Goal or a Pipe Dream? Retrieved from https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/energy-self-sufficiency-a-realistic-goal-or-a-pipe-dream
Mirza, F. M., Fatima, N., & Ullah, K. (2019). Impact of China-Pakistan economic corridor on Pakistan's future energy consumption and energy saving potential: Evidence from sectoral time series analysis. Energy Strategy Reviews, 25, 34-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.04.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.04.015
Mondale, M.A.H., Islam, A.K.M.S., (2010). Potential and Viability of Grid-Connected Solar PV system in Bangladesh. Renewable Energy, 36(6), 1869–1874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2010.11.033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2010.11.033
Nawaz, S. M. N., & Alvi, S. (2018). Energy security for socio-economic and environmental sustainability in Pakistan. Heliyon, 4(10), e00854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00854 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00854
Nayyar, Z.A., Zaigham N.A., Qadeer, A. (2014) Assessment of present conventional and non-conventional energy scenario of Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 31, 543-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.049
Parish, D. (2006). A Report to the Operations Evaluation Department Asian Development Bank for the Country Assistance Program Evaluation for Pakistan: Evaluation of the Power Sector Operations in Pakistan. http://hdl.handle.net/11540/6160
Parker, D, & Kirkpatrick, C. (2012). Measuring regulatory performance: the economic impact of regulatory policy: a literature review of quantitative evidence. OECD Expert Paper No. 3. Paris: OECD.
Powell, J. A. (2014). Six policies to reduce economic inequality. Retrieved from https://belonging.berkeley.e du/six-policies-reduce-economic-inequality
Shah, S. A. A., & Solangi, Y. A. (2019). A sustainable solution for electricity crisis in Pakistan: opportunities, barriers, and policy implications for 100% renewable energy. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(29), 29687-29703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06102-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06102-0
Shaikh, F., Ji, Q., & Fan, Y. (2015). The diagnosis of an electricity crisis and alternative energy development in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1172-1185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rs er.2015.08.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.009
State of Industry Reports (2020). National Electric Power Regulatory Authority. available at: http://www.nepra.org.pk/industryreports.htm
The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. (1973). Retrieved from http://www.pakistani.org/p akistan/ constitution/part5.ch3.html
United Nations Development Programme. (2019). Human Development Report. New York: UNDP. https://doi.org/10.18356/838f78fd-en DOI: https://doi.org/10.18356/838f78fd-en
Valasai, G. D., Uqaili, M. A., Memon, H. R., Samoo, S. R., Mirjat, N. H., & Harijan, K. (2017). Overcoming electricity crisis in Pakistan: A review of sustainable electricity options. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 734-745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.097 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.097
World Bank. (2017). Doing business 2018: reforming to create jobs. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1146-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1146-3
Zuberi, M.J.S., Hasany, S. Z., Tariq, M.A., Fahrioglu, M., (2013). Assessment of biomass energy resources potential in Pakistan Power Generation, 4th International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives, Istanbul, 2013, pp. 1301-1306. https://doi.org/10.1109/PowerEng.2013.6635801 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PowerEng.2013.6635801