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MODERNITY AND CHANGING CULTURAL PATTERNS IN PAKISTAN
Corresponding Author(s) : Sidra Noreen
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the Study: The present study is intended to determine the level of modernity and cultural change among university students. In addition, the study is also aimed to calculate the relationship between modernity and cultural change.
Methodology: Sequential mixed-method research approach is deployed in this study. Initially, the researcher used a quantitative research approach and surveyed the students using a cross-sectional survey design. A two-stage probability sampling technique was used, and a total of 420 students were selected using the stratified sampling technique and simple random sampling technique, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 version.
Principal Findings: The results indicated that modernity and cultural change is not uniform among the respondents, but they varied as per the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. However, it is more visible in the material aspect of life than the non-material aspect of the social life among the students. In addition, results also indicated a positive relationship between modernity and changing culture among students.
Applications of the study: The results and findings of the study draw the attention of policymakers and researchers to take necessary steps to increase the benefits of modernity and cultural change and decrease the negative consequences of modernity and cultural change. Special measures are needed to protect local indigenous culture as well.
Novelty/Originality of this Study: The contribution of this study is a university student and modernity in changing values most prominent tool that makes us able to survive in society is cultural patterns through which we learn all that we need to survive and learn behavior, norms, customs repetition of acceptable action, etc. In the nineteenth century, modernization involves culture, and hence it is clear that modern tends are changing old ties of culture.
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- Abebe, T. (2007). Changing livelihoods, changing childhoods: patterns of children’s work in rural southern Ethiopia. Children’s Geographies, 5(1-2), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733280601108205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14733280601108205
- Altbach, P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities. Journal of studies in international education, 11(3-4), 290-305. https://doi.org/10.1177/10 28315307303542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315307303542
- Altbach, P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: motivations and realities. Journal of studies in international education, 11(4), 290-305. https://doi.org/10.1177 /1028315307303542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315307303542
- Amin, S. (2014). Capitalism in the age of globalization: The management of contemporary society. Zed Books Ltd.
- Astrup, A., Dyerberg, J., Elwood, P., Hermansen, K., Hu, F. B., Jakobsen, M. U., & Nestel, P. (2011). The role of reducing intakes of saturated fat in preventing cardiovascular disease: where does the evidence stand in 2010?. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 93(4), 684-688. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.004622 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.004622
- Ballengee-Morris, C., & Stuhr, P. L. (2001). Multicultural art and visual culture education in a changing world. Art Education, 54(4), 6-13. https://doi.org/10.2307/3193897 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3193897
- Bauman, Z. (2013). Wasted lives: Modernity and its outcasts. John Wiley & Sons.
- Bottomore, T. (2006). Culture emergent in occupation. American Journal of Occupational Macmillan, New York. Therapy, 58(2), 159-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.58.2.159
- Collins, C. S., Castro, A. R., & Ryan, T. K. (2016). The Driving Forces of Higher Education: Westernization,
- Confucianism, Economization, and Globalization. In The Palgrave Handbook of Asia Pacific Higher Education (pp. 279-291).
- Cook, N. (2005). What to wear, what to wear?: Western women and imperialism in Gilgit, Pakistan. Qualitative Sociology, 28(4), 351-369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-005-8363-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-005-8363-4
- Cui, X., & Ryan, C. (2011). Perceptions of place, modernity and the impacts of tourism–Differences among rural and urban residents of Ankang, China: A likelihood ratio analysis. Tourism Management, 32(3), 604-615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.012
- Habib, Z. (2018). International Mindedness and Intercultural Competence: Perceptions of Pakistani Higher Education Faculty. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 5(1), 60-79. https://doi.org/10.2 2555/joeed.v5i1.1807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22555/joeed.v5i1.1807
- Hashim, M., Ullah, M., Khan, M.A., (2017). Impact of time flexibility on employees’ performance: A study of teaching faculty in government colleges of management sciences Peshawar. City University Research Journal, 2(2), 34-47.
- Hamid, M. O., & Honan, E. (2012). Communicative English in the primary classroom: Implications for English-in-education policy and practice in Bangladesh. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 25(2), 139-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2012.678854 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2012.678854
- Hussain, A., Zulfiqar, F., & Saboor, A. (2014). Changing food patterns across the seasons in rural Pakistan: analysis of food variety, dietary diversity and calorie intake. Ecology of food and nutrition, 53(2), 119-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2013.792076 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2013.792076
- Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American sociological review, 19-51. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2657288
- Jahoda, G. (2018). Images of Savages: Ancient roots of modern prejudice in Western culture. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315787909 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315787909
- Kakar, Z. K., Khilji, B. A., & Khan, M. J. (2011). Globalization and economic growth: Evidence from Pakistan. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Å’conomica, 7(3).
- Kazmi, S. W., & Quran, H. (2005). Role of education in globalization: A case for Pakistan. SAARC journal of human resource development, 1(1), 90-107.
- Khan, H. I. (2014). Globalization and education. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 1(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.22555/joeed.v1i1.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22555/joeed.v1i1.4
- Khan, K. M., Ullah M. (2021). Mediating Role of Ethical Leadership Between Employees Empowerment and Competitive Edge: A Case of Commercial Banks in Pakistan. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 9(2), 219-231. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9223
- Khan, A. M., Ullah, M., Usman, A., Malik, A. H., Khan, K. M. (2020). Impact of covid-19 on the global economy. International Journal of Management, 11(8), 2020, pp. 956-969.
- Knight, J. (2007). Higher education in turmoil. The changing world of internationalization, 8. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789087905224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789087905224
- Lake, A. J., Staiger, P. K., & Glowinski, H. (2000). Effect of Western culture on women’s attitudes to eating and perceptions of body shape. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27(1), 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(200001)27:1<83::AID-EAT9>3.0.CO;2-J DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(200001)27:1<83::AID-EAT9>3.0.CO;2-J
- Lee, M. N. (2013). Globalization practices in Asia Pacific universities. In The Dynamics of Higher Education DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137347374_9
- Development in East Asia (pp. 161-178). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9 781137347374_9
- Luomala, H., Jokitalo, M., Karhu, H., Hietaranta-Luoma, H. L., Hopia, A., & Hietamäki, S. (2015). Perceived health and taste ambivalence in food consumption. Journal of Consumer Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-11-2014-1233 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-11-2014-1233
- Malik, R., Hammad, M., Irshad, N., Chughtai, B. R., & Masood, R. (2020). Domestic violence in Rawalpindi. Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College, 24(1), 18-22. https://doi.org/10.37939/jrmc/vol24.iss1.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37939/jrmc/vol24.iss1.5
- Maqsood, A. (2014). ‘Buying Modern’ Muslim subjectivity, the West and patterns of Islamic consumption in Lahore, Pakistan. Cultural Studies, 28(1), 84-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2013.771691 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2013.771691
- Neubauer, D. (2013). The globalized university is the next stage in Higher Education Development. In The Dynamics of Higher Education Development in East Asia (pp. 133-159). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137347374_8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137347374_8
- Shaw, A. (2014). Kinship and Continuity: Pakistani families in Britain. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9 781315080062
- Torres, C. A. (2002). The State, Privatisation and Educational Policy: a critique of neoliberalism in Latin America and some ethical and political implications. Comparative Education, 38(4), 365-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305006022000030766 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0305006022000030766
- Triandis,(2018). Cultural theory and risk: a review. Health, risk & society, 1(1), 71-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698579908407008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13698579908407008
- Ullah, M. (2020). Women empowerment and social development in Afghanistan through microfinance. International Journal of Academic Research in business and Social Sciences, 10(12), 377-389. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i12/8324 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i12/8324
- Varnum, M. E., & Grossmann, I. (2017). Cultural change: The how and the why. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 956-972. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617699971 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617699971
- Willis , J. (2003). Modernization and traditional values. American sociological review, 12(4), 143-151.
References
Abebe, T. (2007). Changing livelihoods, changing childhoods: patterns of children’s work in rural southern Ethiopia. Children’s Geographies, 5(1-2), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733280601108205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14733280601108205
Altbach, P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities. Journal of studies in international education, 11(3-4), 290-305. https://doi.org/10.1177/10 28315307303542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315307303542
Altbach, P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: motivations and realities. Journal of studies in international education, 11(4), 290-305. https://doi.org/10.1177 /1028315307303542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315307303542
Amin, S. (2014). Capitalism in the age of globalization: The management of contemporary society. Zed Books Ltd.
Astrup, A., Dyerberg, J., Elwood, P., Hermansen, K., Hu, F. B., Jakobsen, M. U., & Nestel, P. (2011). The role of reducing intakes of saturated fat in preventing cardiovascular disease: where does the evidence stand in 2010?. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 93(4), 684-688. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.004622 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.004622
Ballengee-Morris, C., & Stuhr, P. L. (2001). Multicultural art and visual culture education in a changing world. Art Education, 54(4), 6-13. https://doi.org/10.2307/3193897 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3193897
Bauman, Z. (2013). Wasted lives: Modernity and its outcasts. John Wiley & Sons.
Bottomore, T. (2006). Culture emergent in occupation. American Journal of Occupational Macmillan, New York. Therapy, 58(2), 159-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.58.2.159
Collins, C. S., Castro, A. R., & Ryan, T. K. (2016). The Driving Forces of Higher Education: Westernization,
Confucianism, Economization, and Globalization. In The Palgrave Handbook of Asia Pacific Higher Education (pp. 279-291).
Cook, N. (2005). What to wear, what to wear?: Western women and imperialism in Gilgit, Pakistan. Qualitative Sociology, 28(4), 351-369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-005-8363-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-005-8363-4
Cui, X., & Ryan, C. (2011). Perceptions of place, modernity and the impacts of tourism–Differences among rural and urban residents of Ankang, China: A likelihood ratio analysis. Tourism Management, 32(3), 604-615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.012
Habib, Z. (2018). International Mindedness and Intercultural Competence: Perceptions of Pakistani Higher Education Faculty. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 5(1), 60-79. https://doi.org/10.2 2555/joeed.v5i1.1807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22555/joeed.v5i1.1807
Hashim, M., Ullah, M., Khan, M.A., (2017). Impact of time flexibility on employees’ performance: A study of teaching faculty in government colleges of management sciences Peshawar. City University Research Journal, 2(2), 34-47.
Hamid, M. O., & Honan, E. (2012). Communicative English in the primary classroom: Implications for English-in-education policy and practice in Bangladesh. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 25(2), 139-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2012.678854 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2012.678854
Hussain, A., Zulfiqar, F., & Saboor, A. (2014). Changing food patterns across the seasons in rural Pakistan: analysis of food variety, dietary diversity and calorie intake. Ecology of food and nutrition, 53(2), 119-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2013.792076 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2013.792076
Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American sociological review, 19-51. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2657288
Jahoda, G. (2018). Images of Savages: Ancient roots of modern prejudice in Western culture. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315787909 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315787909
Kakar, Z. K., Khilji, B. A., & Khan, M. J. (2011). Globalization and economic growth: Evidence from Pakistan. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Å’conomica, 7(3).
Kazmi, S. W., & Quran, H. (2005). Role of education in globalization: A case for Pakistan. SAARC journal of human resource development, 1(1), 90-107.
Khan, H. I. (2014). Globalization and education. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 1(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.22555/joeed.v1i1.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22555/joeed.v1i1.4
Khan, K. M., Ullah M. (2021). Mediating Role of Ethical Leadership Between Employees Empowerment and Competitive Edge: A Case of Commercial Banks in Pakistan. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 9(2), 219-231. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9223
Khan, A. M., Ullah, M., Usman, A., Malik, A. H., Khan, K. M. (2020). Impact of covid-19 on the global economy. International Journal of Management, 11(8), 2020, pp. 956-969.
Knight, J. (2007). Higher education in turmoil. The changing world of internationalization, 8. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789087905224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789087905224
Lake, A. J., Staiger, P. K., & Glowinski, H. (2000). Effect of Western culture on women’s attitudes to eating and perceptions of body shape. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27(1), 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(200001)27:1<83::AID-EAT9>3.0.CO;2-J DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(200001)27:1<83::AID-EAT9>3.0.CO;2-J
Lee, M. N. (2013). Globalization practices in Asia Pacific universities. In The Dynamics of Higher Education DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137347374_9
Development in East Asia (pp. 161-178). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9 781137347374_9
Luomala, H., Jokitalo, M., Karhu, H., Hietaranta-Luoma, H. L., Hopia, A., & Hietamäki, S. (2015). Perceived health and taste ambivalence in food consumption. Journal of Consumer Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-11-2014-1233 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-11-2014-1233
Malik, R., Hammad, M., Irshad, N., Chughtai, B. R., & Masood, R. (2020). Domestic violence in Rawalpindi. Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College, 24(1), 18-22. https://doi.org/10.37939/jrmc/vol24.iss1.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37939/jrmc/vol24.iss1.5
Maqsood, A. (2014). ‘Buying Modern’ Muslim subjectivity, the West and patterns of Islamic consumption in Lahore, Pakistan. Cultural Studies, 28(1), 84-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2013.771691 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2013.771691
Neubauer, D. (2013). The globalized university is the next stage in Higher Education Development. In The Dynamics of Higher Education Development in East Asia (pp. 133-159). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137347374_8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137347374_8
Shaw, A. (2014). Kinship and Continuity: Pakistani families in Britain. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9 781315080062
Torres, C. A. (2002). The State, Privatisation and Educational Policy: a critique of neoliberalism in Latin America and some ethical and political implications. Comparative Education, 38(4), 365-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305006022000030766 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0305006022000030766
Triandis,(2018). Cultural theory and risk: a review. Health, risk & society, 1(1), 71-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698579908407008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13698579908407008
Ullah, M. (2020). Women empowerment and social development in Afghanistan through microfinance. International Journal of Academic Research in business and Social Sciences, 10(12), 377-389. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i12/8324 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i12/8324
Varnum, M. E., & Grossmann, I. (2017). Cultural change: The how and the why. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 956-972. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617699971 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617699971
Willis , J. (2003). Modernization and traditional values. American sociological review, 12(4), 143-151.