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ANTICIPATED STRATEGY TO REDUCE INFORMAL ENTREPRENEURIAL CULTURE: INSIGHTS FROM PAKISTAN
Corresponding Author(s) : Aamar Ilyas
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The policy tactics concerning minimizing informal entrepreneurship have been dominant in developed nations but with fewer developing nations. Which policy approach(s) is (are) best entrepreneurs to eradicate or minimize the informal entrepreneurial practices in the eyes of informal?
Methodology: The target population had comprised of micro and small firms from two sectors: retail and manufacturing. The unit of analysis is the individual. Respondents are informal entrepreneurs who are working in the Gujranwala district. Finally, a sample size of 30 has been used in this study. Fifteen respondents were selected from each sector. Evaluate the thematic analysis is a better fit for this study, and interpretive phenomenological analysis is unsuitable. The researcher of this thesis has transferred thirty transcripts into qualitative software NVivo 10 when thirty interviews had been transcribed.
Main Findings: Finally, this study concludes that sectoral variations like informal work identified by various international studies would not suit one universal policy approach. The landscape of informal entrepreneurship is not homogenous in Pakistan. This study would have proposed that a cross-sectoral comparison will be conducted in the future in Pakistan. Furthermore, researchers can explore the causes of lack of trust in government and barriers to face policy implication in future studies.
Applications of this study: The findings of this research are essential for practical implication as well as theoretical knowledge. This study will be helpful for Pakistani government institutes/departments at the federal, provincial, district, and town levels to minimize the informality culture.
Novelty/Originality of this study: It could predominantly contribute to knowledge on reducing the informality culture. Some factors have not been explored before this study.
Keywords
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- Allingham, M and A Sandmo (1972). Income tax evasion: a theoretical analysis. Journal of Public Economics, 1(2), 323-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(72)90010-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(72)90010-2
- Alâ€Mataani, R., Wainwright, T., & Demirel, P. (2017). Hidden entrepreneurs: Informal practices within the formal economy. European Management Review, 14(4), 361-376. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12115
- Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative research, 1(3), 385-405. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307
- Barringer, B. R., & Ireland, D. (2015). Entrepreneurship, Global Edition. Pearson Education Limited
- Bennett, J. (2010). Informal firms in developing countries: entrepreneurial stepping stone or consolation prize?. Small Business Economics, 34(1), 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9194-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9194-6
- Bergman, M and A Nevarez (2006). Do audits enhance compliance? An empirical assessment of VAT enforcement. National Tax Journal, 59(4), 817-32. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2006.4.04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2006.4.04
- Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2): 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N., & Terry, G. (2019). Thematic analysis. Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences, 843-860. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_103
- Brown, D., & McGranahan, G. (2016). The urban informal economy, local inclusion and achieving a global green transformation. Habitat international, 53, 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.11.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.11.002
- Castells, M. and A. Portes (1989). World Underneath: The Origins, Dynamics, and Effects of the Informal Economy. A. Portes, M. Castells and L. A. Benton (eds), The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Advanced Developed Countries. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- De Juan, A, MA Lasheras and R Mayo (1994). Voluntary tax compliant behavior of Spanish income taxpayers. Public Finance, 49, 90-105.
- Dekker, H., Oranje, E., Renooy, P., Rosing, F and Williams, C.C. (2010). Joining up the Fight against Undeclared Work in the European Union. Brussels: DG Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities.
- Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2008). Strategies of qualitative inquiry (Vol. 2). Sage.
- European Commission (2007). Stepping up the Fight against Undeclared Work. Brussels: European Commission.
- European Commission (2015). Policy brief on informal entrepreneurship. Brussels: European Commission
- Godfrey, P. C. (2011). Toward a theory of the informal economy. The Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 231-277. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2011.585818 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2011.585818
- Grabiner Lord (2000). The Informal Economy. London: HM Treasury.
- Günther, I., & Launov, A. (2012). Informal employment in developing countries: Opportunity or last resort?. Journal of development economics, 97(1), 88-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.01.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.01.001
- Hasseldine, J. and Li, Z. (1999). More tax evasion research required in new millennium. Crime, Law and Social Change, 31(1), 91-104. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008324726125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008324726125
- Holloway, I. & Todres, L. (2003) The status of method: flexibility, consistency and coherence. Qualitative Research, 3: 345-357. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794103033004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794103033004
- Horodnic, I.A. and Williams, C.C. (2019), “Evaluating policy approaches for tackling informal entrepreneurshipâ€, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 26(4), 595-611. https://doi.org/10. 1108/JSBED-08-2018-0252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-08-2018-0252
- ILO. (2018). Women and men in the informal economy: A statistical picture. Geneva: International Labor Office.
- Ilyas, A., Shahid, M.S. and Ali Hassan, R. (2020). Evaluating the motives of child labourers in the informal economy. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 40 No. 3/4, pp. 409- 24. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-01-2019-0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-01-2019-0001
- Kaplan, B., & Maxwell, J. A. (1994). Evaluating health care information systems: Methods and applications. Qualitative Research Methods for Evaluating Computer Information Systems. JG Anderson, CE Ayden and SJ Jay. Thousand Oaks, Sage.
- Kirchler, E. (2007). The Economic Psychology of Tax Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511628238
- Mughal, K., & Schneider, F. (2018). Shadow Economy in Pakistan: Its Size and Interaction with Official Economy.
- Murphy, K (2005). Regulating more effectively: the relationship between procedural justice, legitimacy and tax non-compliance. Journal of Law and Society, 32(4), 562-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2005.00338.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2005.00338.x
- Neuwirth, R. (2011). Stealth of nations: The global rise of the informal economy. NewYork: Random House
- Nichter, S., & Goldmark, L. (2009). Small firm growth in developing countries. World development, 37(9), 1453-1464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.01.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.01.013
- OECD (2004). Reducing the Risk of Policy Failure: Challenges for Regulatory Compliance. Paris: OECD.
- Renooy, P, S Ivarsson, O van der Wusten-Gritsai and R Meijer (2004). Undeclared Work in an Enlarged Union: an analysis of shadow work - an in-depth study of specific items. Brussels: European Commission.
- Richardson, M and A Sawyer (2001). A taxonomy of the t ax compliance literature: further findings, problems and prospects. Australian Tax Forum, 16(2), 137–320
- Schneider, F., & Enste, D. H. (2002). The Shadow Economy: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Studies, and Policy Implications.
- Siqueira, A. C. O., Webb, J. W., & Bruton, G. D. (2016). Informal entrepreneurship and industry conditions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 40(1), 177-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12115
- Small Business Council (2004). Small Business in the Informal Economy: making the transition to the formal economy. London: Small Business Council.
- Suhaimi, N. H. B. M., Al Mamun, A., Zainol, N. R., Nawi, N. C., Permerupan, Y., & Malarvizhi, C. A. (2016). Characteristics of Informal Micro-Entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 128.
- Thai, M. & Turkina, E. (2013). Entrepreneurship in the Informal Economy: Models, Approaches and Prospects for Economic Development. New York: Routledge
- Torgler, B (2007). Tax morale in Central and Eastern European countries. In Tax Evasion, Trust and State Capacities: how good is tax morale in Central and Eastern Europe?, N Hayoz and S Hug (eds.), pp.155-86. Bern: Peter Lang.
- Torgler, B (2011). Tax Morale and Compliance: review of evidence and case studies for Europe. Washington DC: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5922, World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5922 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5922
- Vanek, J., Chen, M. A., Carré, F., Heintz, J., & Hussmanns, R. (2014). Statistics on the informal economy: Definitions, regional estimates and challenges. Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO) Working Paper (Statistics), 2.
- Walsham, G. (1993). Interpreting information systems in organizations. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Webb, J. W., Bruton, G. D., Tihanyi, L., & Ireland, R. D. (2013). Research on entrepreneurship in the informal economy: Framing a research agenda. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(5), 598-614. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.jbusvent.2012.05.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.05.003
- Webb, J. W., Ireland, R. D., & Ketchen Jr, D. J. (2014). Toward a greater understanding of entrepreneurship and strategy in the informal economy. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 8(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/1 0.1002/sej.1176 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1176
- Webb, J. W., Tihanyi, L., Ireland, R. D., & Sirmon, D. G. (2009). You say illegal, I say legitimate: Entrepreneurship in the informal economy. Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 492-510. https://doi.or g/10.5465/amr.2009.40632826 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.40632826
- Welter, F., Smallbone, D., & Pobol, A. (2015). Entrepreneurial activity in the informal economy: a missing piece of the entrepreneurship jigsaw puzzle. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 27(5-6), 292-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2015.1041259 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2015.1041259
- Wenzel, M. (2002). The impact of outcome orientation and justice concerns on tax compliance: the role of taxpayers’ identity, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 639-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.629
- Williams, C. C. (2021). Evaluating entrepreneurs’motives for participating in the informal sector in europe. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946721500023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946721500023
- Williams, C. (2014). Informal sector entrepreneurship. OECD. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2731781
- Williams, C. C. (2015). Tackling entrepreneurship in the informal sector: An overview of the policy options, approaches and measures. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 20(01). https://doi.org/10.1142/ S1084946715500065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946715500065
- Williams, C. C., & Nadin, S. (2010). Entrepreneurship and the informal economy: An overview. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 15(04), 361-378. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946710001683 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946710001683
- Williams, C. C., & Schneider, F. (2016). Measuring the Global Shadow Economy: the prevalence of informal work and labour. Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Williams, CC (2006). The Hidden Enterprise Culture: entrepreneurship in the underground economy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847201881 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847201881
- Williams, CC and J Windebank (1998). Informal Employment in the Advanced Economies: implications for work and welfare. London: Routledge.
- Williams, CC and J Windebank (2006). Harnessing the hidden enterprise culture of advanced economies. International Journal of Manpower, 27(6), 535–551. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720610690473 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720610690473
- Williams, C. C., and J. Round. (2009). Evaluating informal Entrepreneurs' Motives: Some Lessons from Moscow. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 15(1), 94–107 https://doi.org/ 10.1108/13552550910934477 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550910934477
- Xheneti, Mirela, David Smallbone, and Friederike Welter. 2013. EU Enlargement Effects on CrossBorder.
References
Allingham, M and A Sandmo (1972). Income tax evasion: a theoretical analysis. Journal of Public Economics, 1(2), 323-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(72)90010-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(72)90010-2
Alâ€Mataani, R., Wainwright, T., & Demirel, P. (2017). Hidden entrepreneurs: Informal practices within the formal economy. European Management Review, 14(4), 361-376. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12115
Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative research, 1(3), 385-405. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307
Barringer, B. R., & Ireland, D. (2015). Entrepreneurship, Global Edition. Pearson Education Limited
Bennett, J. (2010). Informal firms in developing countries: entrepreneurial stepping stone or consolation prize?. Small Business Economics, 34(1), 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9194-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9194-6
Bergman, M and A Nevarez (2006). Do audits enhance compliance? An empirical assessment of VAT enforcement. National Tax Journal, 59(4), 817-32. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2006.4.04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2006.4.04
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2): 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N., & Terry, G. (2019). Thematic analysis. Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences, 843-860. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_103
Brown, D., & McGranahan, G. (2016). The urban informal economy, local inclusion and achieving a global green transformation. Habitat international, 53, 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.11.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.11.002
Castells, M. and A. Portes (1989). World Underneath: The Origins, Dynamics, and Effects of the Informal Economy. A. Portes, M. Castells and L. A. Benton (eds), The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Advanced Developed Countries. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
De Juan, A, MA Lasheras and R Mayo (1994). Voluntary tax compliant behavior of Spanish income taxpayers. Public Finance, 49, 90-105.
Dekker, H., Oranje, E., Renooy, P., Rosing, F and Williams, C.C. (2010). Joining up the Fight against Undeclared Work in the European Union. Brussels: DG Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2008). Strategies of qualitative inquiry (Vol. 2). Sage.
European Commission (2007). Stepping up the Fight against Undeclared Work. Brussels: European Commission.
European Commission (2015). Policy brief on informal entrepreneurship. Brussels: European Commission
Godfrey, P. C. (2011). Toward a theory of the informal economy. The Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 231-277. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2011.585818 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2011.585818
Grabiner Lord (2000). The Informal Economy. London: HM Treasury.
Günther, I., & Launov, A. (2012). Informal employment in developing countries: Opportunity or last resort?. Journal of development economics, 97(1), 88-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.01.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.01.001
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Holloway, I. & Todres, L. (2003) The status of method: flexibility, consistency and coherence. Qualitative Research, 3: 345-357. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794103033004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794103033004
Horodnic, I.A. and Williams, C.C. (2019), “Evaluating policy approaches for tackling informal entrepreneurshipâ€, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 26(4), 595-611. https://doi.org/10. 1108/JSBED-08-2018-0252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-08-2018-0252
ILO. (2018). Women and men in the informal economy: A statistical picture. Geneva: International Labor Office.
Ilyas, A., Shahid, M.S. and Ali Hassan, R. (2020). Evaluating the motives of child labourers in the informal economy. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 40 No. 3/4, pp. 409- 24. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-01-2019-0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-01-2019-0001
Kaplan, B., & Maxwell, J. A. (1994). Evaluating health care information systems: Methods and applications. Qualitative Research Methods for Evaluating Computer Information Systems. JG Anderson, CE Ayden and SJ Jay. Thousand Oaks, Sage.
Kirchler, E. (2007). The Economic Psychology of Tax Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511628238
Mughal, K., & Schneider, F. (2018). Shadow Economy in Pakistan: Its Size and Interaction with Official Economy.
Murphy, K (2005). Regulating more effectively: the relationship between procedural justice, legitimacy and tax non-compliance. Journal of Law and Society, 32(4), 562-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2005.00338.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2005.00338.x
Neuwirth, R. (2011). Stealth of nations: The global rise of the informal economy. NewYork: Random House
Nichter, S., & Goldmark, L. (2009). Small firm growth in developing countries. World development, 37(9), 1453-1464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.01.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.01.013
OECD (2004). Reducing the Risk of Policy Failure: Challenges for Regulatory Compliance. Paris: OECD.
Renooy, P, S Ivarsson, O van der Wusten-Gritsai and R Meijer (2004). Undeclared Work in an Enlarged Union: an analysis of shadow work - an in-depth study of specific items. Brussels: European Commission.
Richardson, M and A Sawyer (2001). A taxonomy of the t ax compliance literature: further findings, problems and prospects. Australian Tax Forum, 16(2), 137–320
Schneider, F., & Enste, D. H. (2002). The Shadow Economy: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Studies, and Policy Implications.
Siqueira, A. C. O., Webb, J. W., & Bruton, G. D. (2016). Informal entrepreneurship and industry conditions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 40(1), 177-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12115
Small Business Council (2004). Small Business in the Informal Economy: making the transition to the formal economy. London: Small Business Council.
Suhaimi, N. H. B. M., Al Mamun, A., Zainol, N. R., Nawi, N. C., Permerupan, Y., & Malarvizhi, C. A. (2016). Characteristics of Informal Micro-Entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 128.
Thai, M. & Turkina, E. (2013). Entrepreneurship in the Informal Economy: Models, Approaches and Prospects for Economic Development. New York: Routledge
Torgler, B (2007). Tax morale in Central and Eastern European countries. In Tax Evasion, Trust and State Capacities: how good is tax morale in Central and Eastern Europe?, N Hayoz and S Hug (eds.), pp.155-86. Bern: Peter Lang.
Torgler, B (2011). Tax Morale and Compliance: review of evidence and case studies for Europe. Washington DC: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5922, World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5922 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5922
Vanek, J., Chen, M. A., Carré, F., Heintz, J., & Hussmanns, R. (2014). Statistics on the informal economy: Definitions, regional estimates and challenges. Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO) Working Paper (Statistics), 2.
Walsham, G. (1993). Interpreting information systems in organizations. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Webb, J. W., Bruton, G. D., Tihanyi, L., & Ireland, R. D. (2013). Research on entrepreneurship in the informal economy: Framing a research agenda. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(5), 598-614. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.jbusvent.2012.05.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.05.003
Webb, J. W., Ireland, R. D., & Ketchen Jr, D. J. (2014). Toward a greater understanding of entrepreneurship and strategy in the informal economy. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 8(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/1 0.1002/sej.1176 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1176
Webb, J. W., Tihanyi, L., Ireland, R. D., & Sirmon, D. G. (2009). You say illegal, I say legitimate: Entrepreneurship in the informal economy. Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 492-510. https://doi.or g/10.5465/amr.2009.40632826 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.40632826
Welter, F., Smallbone, D., & Pobol, A. (2015). Entrepreneurial activity in the informal economy: a missing piece of the entrepreneurship jigsaw puzzle. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 27(5-6), 292-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2015.1041259 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2015.1041259
Wenzel, M. (2002). The impact of outcome orientation and justice concerns on tax compliance: the role of taxpayers’ identity, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 639-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.629
Williams, C. C. (2021). Evaluating entrepreneurs’motives for participating in the informal sector in europe. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946721500023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946721500023
Williams, C. (2014). Informal sector entrepreneurship. OECD. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2731781
Williams, C. C. (2015). Tackling entrepreneurship in the informal sector: An overview of the policy options, approaches and measures. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 20(01). https://doi.org/10.1142/ S1084946715500065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946715500065
Williams, C. C., & Nadin, S. (2010). Entrepreneurship and the informal economy: An overview. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 15(04), 361-378. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946710001683 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946710001683
Williams, C. C., & Schneider, F. (2016). Measuring the Global Shadow Economy: the prevalence of informal work and labour. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Williams, CC (2006). The Hidden Enterprise Culture: entrepreneurship in the underground economy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847201881 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847201881
Williams, CC and J Windebank (1998). Informal Employment in the Advanced Economies: implications for work and welfare. London: Routledge.
Williams, CC and J Windebank (2006). Harnessing the hidden enterprise culture of advanced economies. International Journal of Manpower, 27(6), 535–551. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720610690473 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720610690473
Williams, C. C., and J. Round. (2009). Evaluating informal Entrepreneurs' Motives: Some Lessons from Moscow. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 15(1), 94–107 https://doi.org/ 10.1108/13552550910934477 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550910934477
Xheneti, Mirela, David Smallbone, and Friederike Welter. 2013. EU Enlargement Effects on CrossBorder.