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MODERATING ROLE OF PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE AMONG INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES
Corresponding Author(s) : Andleeb Akhtar
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The present research paper investigated the moderating role of perceived organizational support on the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and organizational performance.
Methodology: The sample consisted of 205 employees from different organizations in Hattar Industrial State and Haripur, Pakistan. The Perceived Organizational Support (Eisenberger et al., 1986), the Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Podsakoff et al., 2009), and the Organizational Performance (Kuo, 2011) scales were used to attain the desired results. A purposive sampling technique was used with a cross-sectional survey research design. The employees from Hattar Industrial State were taken as the target sample. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS 21. The alpha reliability, Pearson correlation, t-test, ANOVA, linear and multiple regressions were calculated along with demographic analysis to meet the objectives of the study.
Main Findings: Results indicated a highly significant positive correlation between OCB, POS, and OP. The results also showed that OCB and POS are significant predictors of OP. The gender differences are non-significant. The differences are significant between groups at upper, middle, lower, senior, and other management levels. The results showed significant differences between age groups with late age adults (46-60 years age) having high mean scores in organizational citizenship behavior and organizational performance. Among the demographic variables: age, average salary, and organizational size are significantly impacting organizational citizenship behavior, perceived organizational support, and organizational performance. The results indicated that perceived organizational support moderated the relation between organizational citizenship behavior and organizational performance significantly.
Applications of the study: The study findings are important for organizations, officials, and managers to further develop work attitudes and work behaviors and enhance their performance and productivity.
Novelty: Very few researchers have studied the employees in industrial settings. People spend a major part of their life in the workplace. Their work is affected by several organizational factors as well as their subjective factors. The impact of demographic variables has also been studied. Thus, this study provided insights into factors that affect employee performance.
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- Acaray, A., & Akturan, A. (2015). The relationship between organizational citizenship behaviour and organizational silence. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 472-482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.10.117
- Alexandru, C. (2012). The impact of supply chain performance on organizational performance. Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 1(2), 45-48.
- Allen, D. G., & Shanock, L. R. (2013). Perceived organizational support and embeddedness as key mechanisms connecting socialization tactics to commitment and turnover among new employees. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34, 350-369. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1805 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1805
- Beauregard, T. A. (2012). Perfectionism, self-efficacy and OCB: The moderating role of gender. Personnel Review. 41, 590–608. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481211249120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481211249120
- Chiang, C. F., & Hsieh, T. S. (2012). The impacts of perceived organizational support and psychological empowerment on job performance: The mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), 180-190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.04.011
- Choi, J. N. (2009). Collective dynamics of citizenship behavior: what group characteristics promote group-level helping? Journal of Management Studies, 46, 1396–1420. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00851.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00851.x
- Cullen, K. L., Edwards, B. D., Casper, W. C., & Gue, K. R. (2014). Employees’ adaptability and perceptions of change-related uncertainty: Implications for perceived organizational support, job satisfaction and performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29, 269- 280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-013-9312-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-013-9312-y
- Datta, D. K., Guthrie, J. P., & Wright, P. M. (2005). Human resource management and labor productivity: Does industry matter?. Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), 135-145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.15993158
- DiRenzo, M. S., Greenhaus, J. H., & Weer, C. H. (2011). Job level, demands, and resources as antecedents of work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78(2), 305-314. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001879110001673?via%3Dihub DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.10.002
- Duffy, J. A, & Lilly, J. (2013). Do individual needs moderate the relationships between organizational citizenship behavior, organizational trust and perceived organizational support? Journal of Behavioral & Applied Management, 14, 185-197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21818/001c.17930
- Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchinson, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500-507 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500
- Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Does pay for performance increase or decrease perceived self-determination and intrinsic motivation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1026-1040. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1026
- Eisenberger, R., Shoss, M. K., Karagonlar, G., Gonzalezâ€Morales, M. G., Wickham, R. E., & Buffardi, L. C. (2014). The supervisor POS–LMX–subordinate POS chain: Moderation by reciprocation wariness and supervisor’s organizational embodiment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 635-656. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1877 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1877
- Gavino, M. C., Wayne, S. J., & Erdogan, B. (2012). Discretionary and transactional human resource practices and employee outcomes: The role of perceived organizational support. Human Resource Management, 51(5), 665-686. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21493
- Germeys, L., Griep, Y., & de-Gieter, S. (2019). Citizenship pressure as a predictor of daily enactment of autonomous and controlled organizational citizenship behavior: Differential spillover effects on the home domain. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 395-400. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00395 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00395
- Jain, A. K., Giga, S. I., & Cooper, C. L. (2013). Perceived organizational support as a moderator in the relationship between organisational stressors and organizational citizenship behaviors. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 21(3), 313- 334. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-Mar-2012-0574 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-Mar-2012-0574
- Jebeli, M. J., & Etebarian, A. (2015). Perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of MAGNT Research Report, 3 (4), 153-158.
- Kumar, M. M., & Shah, S. A. (2015). Validation of the psychological capital construct on the white collar employees of the human service organizations. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(4), 344.
- Kuo, T.H. (2011). How to improve organizational performance through learning and knowledge. International Journal of Manpower, 23(5/6), 581-603. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437721111158215
- Kurtessis, J.N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M. T., Buffardi, L. C., Stewart, K. A., & Adis, C. S. (2017). Perceived organizational support: A meta-analytic evaluation of organizational support theory. Journal of Management, 43, 1854-1884. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315575554 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315575554
- Lam, C. F., Wan, W. H., & Roussin, C. J. (2016). Going the extra mile and feeling energized: An enrichment perspective of organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied. Psychology, 101, 379–391. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000071
- Muhammad, A. H. (2014). Perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behavior: The case of Kuwait. International Journal of Business Administration, 5(3), 59-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v5n3p59
- Paillé, P. (2011). Stressful work, citizenship behaviour and intention to leave the organization in a high turnover environment: Examining the mediating role of job satisfaction. Journal of Management Research, 3(1), 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/jmr.v3i1.487
- Park, R. (2018). The roles of OCB and automation in the relationship between job autonomy and organizational performance: a moderated mediation model. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29, 1139–1156. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1180315 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1180315
- Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual-and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013079
- Reizer, A., and Hetsroni, A. (2015). Caregiving representations at work and the moderating role of job self-efficacy. Psychological Reports, 116, 60–73. https://doi.org/10.2466/01.PR0.116k12w2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/01.PR0.116k12w2
- Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 698-714. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698
- Robbins, S.P. & Judge, T.A. (2015). Organisational Behavior. 16th edition, Pearson, Boston
- Shaw, J. D., Park, T. Y., & Kim, E. (2013). A resourceâ€based perspective on human capital losses, HRM investments and organization performance. Strategic Management Journal, 34, 572-589. https://doi.org/10.10 02/smj.2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2025
- Sidra, S., Imran, B., & Adnan, A. (2016). Moderating role of psychological capital between perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behavior and its dimensions. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 5(2), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsp.2016.1375 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsp.2016.1375
- Sikorska -Simmons, E. (2005). Predictors of organizational commitment among staff in assisted living. The Gerontologist, 45(2), 196-205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/45.2.196
- Singh, A. K., & Singh, S. (2013). Perceived organisational support and organisational citizenship behaviour: The mediating role of personality. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 39(1), 117-125. https://doi.org/264235815s
- Stamper, C. L., & Dyne, L. V. (2001). Work status and organizational citizenship behavior: A field study of restaurant employees. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 22(5), 517-536. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.100
- Taris, T. W., & Schreurs, P. J. (2009). Well-being and organizational performance: An organizational-level test of the happy-productive worker hypothesis. Work & Stress, 23, 120-136. https://doi.org/10.108 0/02678370903072555 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370903072555
- Yaakobi, E. & Weisberg, J. (2020). Organizational citizenship behavior predicts quality, creativity and efficiency performance: The roles of occupational and collective efficacies. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00758 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00758
References
Acaray, A., & Akturan, A. (2015). The relationship between organizational citizenship behaviour and organizational silence. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 472-482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.10.117
Alexandru, C. (2012). The impact of supply chain performance on organizational performance. Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 1(2), 45-48.
Allen, D. G., & Shanock, L. R. (2013). Perceived organizational support and embeddedness as key mechanisms connecting socialization tactics to commitment and turnover among new employees. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34, 350-369. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1805 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1805
Beauregard, T. A. (2012). Perfectionism, self-efficacy and OCB: The moderating role of gender. Personnel Review. 41, 590–608. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481211249120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481211249120
Chiang, C. F., & Hsieh, T. S. (2012). The impacts of perceived organizational support and psychological empowerment on job performance: The mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), 180-190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.04.011
Choi, J. N. (2009). Collective dynamics of citizenship behavior: what group characteristics promote group-level helping? Journal of Management Studies, 46, 1396–1420. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00851.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00851.x
Cullen, K. L., Edwards, B. D., Casper, W. C., & Gue, K. R. (2014). Employees’ adaptability and perceptions of change-related uncertainty: Implications for perceived organizational support, job satisfaction and performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29, 269- 280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-013-9312-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-013-9312-y
Datta, D. K., Guthrie, J. P., & Wright, P. M. (2005). Human resource management and labor productivity: Does industry matter?. Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), 135-145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.15993158
DiRenzo, M. S., Greenhaus, J. H., & Weer, C. H. (2011). Job level, demands, and resources as antecedents of work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78(2), 305-314. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001879110001673?via%3Dihub DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.10.002
Duffy, J. A, & Lilly, J. (2013). Do individual needs moderate the relationships between organizational citizenship behavior, organizational trust and perceived organizational support? Journal of Behavioral & Applied Management, 14, 185-197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21818/001c.17930
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchinson, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500-507 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Does pay for performance increase or decrease perceived self-determination and intrinsic motivation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1026-1040. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1026
Eisenberger, R., Shoss, M. K., Karagonlar, G., Gonzalezâ€Morales, M. G., Wickham, R. E., & Buffardi, L. C. (2014). The supervisor POS–LMX–subordinate POS chain: Moderation by reciprocation wariness and supervisor’s organizational embodiment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 635-656. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1877 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1877
Gavino, M. C., Wayne, S. J., & Erdogan, B. (2012). Discretionary and transactional human resource practices and employee outcomes: The role of perceived organizational support. Human Resource Management, 51(5), 665-686. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21493
Germeys, L., Griep, Y., & de-Gieter, S. (2019). Citizenship pressure as a predictor of daily enactment of autonomous and controlled organizational citizenship behavior: Differential spillover effects on the home domain. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 395-400. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00395 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00395
Jain, A. K., Giga, S. I., & Cooper, C. L. (2013). Perceived organizational support as a moderator in the relationship between organisational stressors and organizational citizenship behaviors. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 21(3), 313- 334. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-Mar-2012-0574 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-Mar-2012-0574
Jebeli, M. J., & Etebarian, A. (2015). Perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of MAGNT Research Report, 3 (4), 153-158.
Kumar, M. M., & Shah, S. A. (2015). Validation of the psychological capital construct on the white collar employees of the human service organizations. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(4), 344.
Kuo, T.H. (2011). How to improve organizational performance through learning and knowledge. International Journal of Manpower, 23(5/6), 581-603. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437721111158215
Kurtessis, J.N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M. T., Buffardi, L. C., Stewart, K. A., & Adis, C. S. (2017). Perceived organizational support: A meta-analytic evaluation of organizational support theory. Journal of Management, 43, 1854-1884. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315575554 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315575554
Lam, C. F., Wan, W. H., & Roussin, C. J. (2016). Going the extra mile and feeling energized: An enrichment perspective of organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied. Psychology, 101, 379–391. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000071
Muhammad, A. H. (2014). Perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behavior: The case of Kuwait. International Journal of Business Administration, 5(3), 59-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v5n3p59
Paillé, P. (2011). Stressful work, citizenship behaviour and intention to leave the organization in a high turnover environment: Examining the mediating role of job satisfaction. Journal of Management Research, 3(1), 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/jmr.v3i1.487
Park, R. (2018). The roles of OCB and automation in the relationship between job autonomy and organizational performance: a moderated mediation model. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29, 1139–1156. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1180315 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1180315
Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual-and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013079
Reizer, A., and Hetsroni, A. (2015). Caregiving representations at work and the moderating role of job self-efficacy. Psychological Reports, 116, 60–73. https://doi.org/10.2466/01.PR0.116k12w2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/01.PR0.116k12w2
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 698-714. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698
Robbins, S.P. & Judge, T.A. (2015). Organisational Behavior. 16th edition, Pearson, Boston
Shaw, J. D., Park, T. Y., & Kim, E. (2013). A resourceâ€based perspective on human capital losses, HRM investments and organization performance. Strategic Management Journal, 34, 572-589. https://doi.org/10.10 02/smj.2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2025
Sidra, S., Imran, B., & Adnan, A. (2016). Moderating role of psychological capital between perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behavior and its dimensions. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 5(2), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsp.2016.1375 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsp.2016.1375
Sikorska -Simmons, E. (2005). Predictors of organizational commitment among staff in assisted living. The Gerontologist, 45(2), 196-205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/45.2.196
Singh, A. K., & Singh, S. (2013). Perceived organisational support and organisational citizenship behaviour: The mediating role of personality. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 39(1), 117-125. https://doi.org/264235815s
Stamper, C. L., & Dyne, L. V. (2001). Work status and organizational citizenship behavior: A field study of restaurant employees. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 22(5), 517-536. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.100
Taris, T. W., & Schreurs, P. J. (2009). Well-being and organizational performance: An organizational-level test of the happy-productive worker hypothesis. Work & Stress, 23, 120-136. https://doi.org/10.108 0/02678370903072555 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370903072555
Yaakobi, E. & Weisberg, J. (2020). Organizational citizenship behavior predicts quality, creativity and efficiency performance: The roles of occupational and collective efficacies. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00758 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00758