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IMPACTS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON HDL LEVEL OF ADULTS; IT’S SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES
Corresponding Author(s) : Noor Muhammad Marwat
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 4 (2021): July
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study to find out the impacts of a 6-weeks supervised aerobic exercise protocol on High-Density Lipoprotein among adults aged between 25-35 years was evaluated.
Methodology: Researchers through a non-probability sampling procedure selected thirty (30) volunteers ranging from 25-35 untrained adults from Lakki Marwat. Researchers used a six-week aerobic exercise protocol to collect relevant information from the targeted dependent variables. The CHOD PAP method was used to measure the High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) of adults. All the data collected from pre-and post- (HDL) tests were recorded in numerical form and analyzed by using a t-test.
Main Findings: The results of the study indicate that the six-week aerobic exercise protocol program had no significant difference on pre-and post-intervention quantities of HDL of Experimental Group which is (P>0.05).
The implication of the Study: The aerobic exercise programs used for this particular study may help adults to improve and maintain their health status, proper social stature, and lipid profile. An increase in the HLD is ideal as this increase in the HDL helps to prevent cardiovascular diseases particularly the heart valves from stroke and cardiac arrest and academic achievements of the participants.
Novelty: So far, no particular research has been conducted on the social implications of exercise effects on adults. Future researchers may work on the social habits of physically fit adults and their input to society.
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- Alm, J., Bloomquist, K. M., McKee, M. (2015). On the external validity of laboratory tax compliance experiments. Economic Inquiry, 53, 1170–1186. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12196
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- Bacharach, M. (2006). Interactive team reasoning: A contribution to the theory of co-operation. Research in Economics, 53, 117–147. https://doi.org/10.1006/reec.1999.0188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/reec.1999.0188
- Barolia, R., Sayani, A.H.(2017). Risk factor of cardiovascular disease and its recommendations in Pakistan context. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 67, 1723–1729.
- Bastian, B., Jetten, J., Ferris, L. J. (2014). Pain as social glue: Shared pain increases cooperation. Psychological Science, 25, 2079–2085. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614545886 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614545886
- Davis, A., Taylor, J., Cohen, E. (2015). Social bonds and exercise: Evidence for a reciprocal relationship. PLoS One, 10, e0136705.10.1371. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136705 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136705
- de Waard, M.C., Duncker, D.J. (2009). Prior exercise improves survival, infarct healing, and left ventricular function after myocardial infarction. J Appl Physiol, 107(3), 928–36. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91 281.2008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91281.2008
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- Framework for health information systems and core indicators for monitoring health situation and health system performance 2015. Cairo; WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 2015.
- Gupta, R., Misra, A., Vikram, N.K., Kondal, D., Gupta, S.S., Agrawal, A., Pandey. R.M. (2009). Younger age of escalation of cardiovascular risk factors in Asian Indian subjects. BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 9, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-9-28 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-9-28
- Hoye, R., Nicholson, M., Brown, K. (2015). Involvement in sport and social connectedness. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50, 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690212466076 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690212466076
- Klimecki, O. M., Mayer, S. V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff, J., Schönenberg, M. (2016). Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Nature Scientific Reports, 6, 31961. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961
- Kyle, R.G., Wills, J., Mahoney, C., Hoyle, L., Kelly, M., Atherton, I.M. (2017). Obesity prevalence among healthcare professionals in England: a cross-sectional study using the Health Survey for England. BMJ Open, 7, e018498. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018498 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018498
- MacDonald, D. J., Côté, J., Eys, M., Deakin, J. (2011). The role of enjoyment and motivational climate in relation to the personal development of team sport athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 25, 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.1.32 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.1.32
- Pawlowski, T., Schuttoff, U., Downward, P., Lechner, M. (2016). Can sport really help to meet the millennium development goals? Evidence from children in Peru. Journal of Sports Economics, 19(4), 498-521. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002516661601 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002516661601
- Reis, J.P., Loria, C.M., Lewis, C.E., Powell-Wiley, T.M., Wei, G.S., Carr, J.J. et al. (2013). Association between duration of overall and abdominal obesity beginning in young adulthood and coronary artery calcification in middle age. JAMA, 310(3), 280–288. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.7833 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.7833
- Thibault, V., Bélanger, M., LeBlanc, E. et al.(2016). Factors that could explain the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes among adults in a Canadian province: a critical review and analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr, 8, 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-016-0186-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-016-0186-9
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References
Alm, J., Bloomquist, K. M., McKee, M. (2015). On the external validity of laboratory tax compliance experiments. Economic Inquiry, 53, 1170–1186. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12196
Aziz, K., Faruqui, A.(2012). Awareness of cardiovascular disease including life styles in a lower middle class urban community in an Asian country, Pak Heart, 41, 1-10.
Bacharach, M. (2006). Interactive team reasoning: A contribution to the theory of co-operation. Research in Economics, 53, 117–147. https://doi.org/10.1006/reec.1999.0188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/reec.1999.0188
Barolia, R., Sayani, A.H.(2017). Risk factor of cardiovascular disease and its recommendations in Pakistan context. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 67, 1723–1729.
Bastian, B., Jetten, J., Ferris, L. J. (2014). Pain as social glue: Shared pain increases cooperation. Psychological Science, 25, 2079–2085. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614545886 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614545886
Davis, A., Taylor, J., Cohen, E. (2015). Social bonds and exercise: Evidence for a reciprocal relationship. PLoS One, 10, e0136705.10.1371. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136705 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136705
de Waard, M.C., Duncker, D.J. (2009). Prior exercise improves survival, infarct healing, and left ventricular function after myocardial infarction. J Appl Physiol, 107(3), 928–36. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91 281.2008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91281.2008
Di Bartolomeo, G., Dufwenberg, M., Papa, S., Passarelli, F. (2017). Promises, expectations, and causation. Mimeo, Sapienza University of Rome. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3202143 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3202143
Felfe, C., Lechner, M., Steinmayr, A. (2016). Sports and child development. PLoS One, 11, e0151729. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151729 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151729
Framework for health information systems and core indicators for monitoring health situation and health system performance 2015. Cairo; WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 2015.
Gupta, R., Misra, A., Vikram, N.K., Kondal, D., Gupta, S.S., Agrawal, A., Pandey. R.M. (2009). Younger age of escalation of cardiovascular risk factors in Asian Indian subjects. BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 9, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-9-28 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-9-28
Hoye, R., Nicholson, M., Brown, K. (2015). Involvement in sport and social connectedness. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50, 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690212466076 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690212466076
Klimecki, O. M., Mayer, S. V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff, J., Schönenberg, M. (2016). Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Nature Scientific Reports, 6, 31961. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961
Kyle, R.G., Wills, J., Mahoney, C., Hoyle, L., Kelly, M., Atherton, I.M. (2017). Obesity prevalence among healthcare professionals in England: a cross-sectional study using the Health Survey for England. BMJ Open, 7, e018498. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018498 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018498
MacDonald, D. J., Côté, J., Eys, M., Deakin, J. (2011). The role of enjoyment and motivational climate in relation to the personal development of team sport athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 25, 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.1.32 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.1.32
Pawlowski, T., Schuttoff, U., Downward, P., Lechner, M. (2016). Can sport really help to meet the millennium development goals? Evidence from children in Peru. Journal of Sports Economics, 19(4), 498-521. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002516661601 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002516661601
Reis, J.P., Loria, C.M., Lewis, C.E., Powell-Wiley, T.M., Wei, G.S., Carr, J.J. et al. (2013). Association between duration of overall and abdominal obesity beginning in young adulthood and coronary artery calcification in middle age. JAMA, 310(3), 280–288. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.7833 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.7833
Thibault, V., Bélanger, M., LeBlanc, E. et al.(2016). Factors that could explain the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes among adults in a Canadian province: a critical review and analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr, 8, 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-016-0186-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-016-0186-9
World Health Organization CVD, 2018.