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PREDICTING THE INNOVATIVE WORK BEHAVIOR BY ASSESSING LEADERSHIP STYLES IN A HIGHER EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT
Corresponding Author(s) : Muhammad Saqib Khan
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 4 (2021): July
Abstract
Purpose of Study: The present study aimed to examine the leadership styles (transformational & transactional) in predicting the innovative work behavior of the teacher in higher educational institutions. Leadership is important in the transformation of attitude and behavior of followers towards assigned responsibilities, however, which style is more effective in this transformation process in the main theme of the present study.
Methodology: To achieve the desired objectives of the research, a quantitative approach was used wherein the cross-sectional design was followed by using the survey approach to attain the objectives as aligned with hypotheses. In this connection, relationships (association & cause-&-effect) among research variables were examined through statistical procedures by using SPSS.
Main Findings: The results of the study revealed that both the leadership styles are effective in the transformation process however, the role of transformational leadership is more effective as compared to transactional leadership as revealed from the results of correlation (association) and regression (cause-& effect) procedures in the context under considerations in this research study.
Applications of Study: The study is likely to be useful for the management of higher education institutions in revisiting their policies concerning the application of leadership development towards the followers. The study is also expected to be useful for future researchers in obtaining the practical guidelines from methods and procedures used in this study for their future endeavors.
Novelty/Originality of Study: This study examined the leading and burning issues like (leadership styles and followers’ innovative behavior in a native environment to produce new findings and new knowledge about the relationships between the research phenomena to contribute to the existing database of knowledge.
Keywords
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- Afsar, B., & Umrani, W. (2019). Transformational Leadership and Innovative Work Behavior. European Journal of Innovation Management, 23(3), 402-428. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-12-2018-0257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-12-2018-0257
- Afsar, B., Badir, Y., & Saeed, B., (2014). Transformational leadership and innovative work behavior. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 114(8), 1270-1300. http:// //doi.org/10.1108/ IMDS-05-2014-0152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-05-2014-0152
- Alheeta, A., Ahmad, A., Ahmad, Y., & Mohamed, S. (2021). The effect of leadership styles on employees’ innovative work behavior. Management Science Letters, 11, 239–246. http:// //doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.8.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.8.010
- Asad, A., Ismail, B., Hussain, A., & Alghazali, B. (2020). The Interplay of Leadership Styles, Innovative Work Behavior, Organizational Culture, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. SAGE Open, January-March (2020), 1–16. http://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019898264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019898264
- Asare, A. E., Long, D., & Murphy, W. D. (2005). Leadership best practices for sustaining quality in UK higher education from the perspective of the EFQM Excellence Model. Quality Assurance in Education, 13(2), 148–170. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ801748 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09684880510594391
- Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2000). Individual consideration viewed at multiple levels of analysis: A multi-level framework for examining the diffusion of transformational leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 199-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90035-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90035-7
- Barrick, M.R., Mount, M.K. and Li, N. (2013). The theory of purposeful work behavior: the role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristics. Academy of Management Review, 38(1), 132-153. https://doi.org /10.5465/amr.2010.0479 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0479
- Bolden, R., Georgy, P., & Jonathan, G. (2009). Distributed Leadership in Higher Education Rhetoric and Reality. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 37(2), 257–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1741143208100301 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143208100301
- Carlo, O., Jean, F., & Boudrias, A. (2015). Linking managerial practices and leadership style to innovative work behavior. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 36(5), 545 – 569. http:// doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2013-0131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2013-0131
- Cheng, C., Cao, L., Zhong, H., He, Y. & Qian, J. (2019). The Influence of Leader Encouragement of Creativity on Innovation Speed: Findings from SEM and fsQCA. Sustainability, 11(9), 1-17. http:// doi.org/10.3390 /su11092693 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092693
- Eisenbeiss, S., van Knippenberg, D. & Boerner, S. (2008). Transformational leadership and team innovation: Integrating team climate principles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1438–1446. https://doi.org/1 0.1037/a0012716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012716
- Erdogan, B., & Enders, J. (2007). Support from the top: Supervisors' perceived organizational support as a moderator of leader-member exchange to satisfaction and performance relationships. Journal of applied psychology, 92(2), 321. http:// doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.321 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.321
- Gilson, L., & Shalley, C. (2004). A little creativity goes a long way: an examination of teams’ engagement in creative processes. Journal of Management, 30(4), 453-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jm.2003.07.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2003.07.001
- Gómez L., Pujols A., Alvarado Y., Vargas L. (2018). Social Responsibility in Higher Educational Institutions: An Exploratory Study. In: Crowther D., Seifi S., Moyeen A. (eds) The Goals of Sustainable Development. Approaches to Global Sustainability, Markets, and Governance. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5047-3_13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5047-3_13
- Janssen, O., & Yperen, N. W., (2004). Employees' goal orientations, the quality of leader- member exchange, and the outcomes of job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of management journal, 47(3), 368-384. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159587. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/20159587
- Kark, R., Van Dijk, D. & Vashdi, D. (2018). Motivated or demotivated to be creative: The role of selfâ€regulatory focus in transformational and transactional leadership processes. Applied Psychology, 67(1), 186-224. http://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12122
- Kezar, J., Rozana, K., & Melissa, C. (2006). Rethinking the “leadership†Word in Higher Education: The Revolution of Research on Leadership. ASHE Higher Education Report, 31(6). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Khan, M., Aslam, N. & Riaz, M. (2012). Leadership styles as predictors of innovative work behavior. Pakistan Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 17-22. https://www.researchgate .net/publication/234092637
- Kurt, Ä°. & Yahyagil, M. Y. (2015). Universal values, creative behavior and leadership: Turkish case. International Business Research, 8(6), 89-103. http:// doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v8n6p89 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v8n6p89
- Kwasi, D., & Emmanuel, T. (2015). Examining the influence of transformational and transactional leadership styles on perceived job stress among Ghanaian banking employees. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(8), 161-170. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v10n8p DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v10n8p161
- Li, X., & Zheng, Y. (2014). The Influential Factors of Employees’ Innovative Behavior and the Management Advices. Journal of Service Science and Management, 7(6), 446. https://doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2014.76042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2014.76042
- Mukherjee, S. B., & Ray, A. (2009). Innovative work behavior of managers: Implications regarding stressful challenges of modernized public and private sector organizations. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 18(2), 101-107. http:// doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.62269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.62269
- Naqvi, J., Ullah, S., & Javed, B. (2017). Effect of Leadership Styles on Employees’ Innovative Behavior: The Mediating Role of Employees’ Creativity. European Journal of Business and Management, 9(28), 27-37. http://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.8.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.8.010
- Sánchez, M., & Mainardes, E. (2016). University social responsibility: A student base analysis in Brazil. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 13(2), 151–169. http:// doi.org/10.1007/s12208-016-0158-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-016-0158-7
- Sandra, J., M., Geraldine, L., & Kevin, R. (2014). Synthesizing Theory and Practice: Distributed Leadership in Higher Education. Educational Management Administration & Leadership 42(5), 603–619. http://doi.org/10.117 7/1741143213510506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143213510506
- Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of management journal, 37(3), 580-607. https://doi.org /10.2307/256701 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/256701
- Sendjaya, S., Sarros, C., & Santora, C. (2008). Defining and measuring servant leadership behaviour in organizations. Journal of Management studies, 45(2), 402-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14676486.2 007.00761.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00761.x
- Shalley, C. E., & Gilson, L. L. (2004). What leaders need to know: A review of social and contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 33-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua .2003.12.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.004
- Siddique, A., Aslam, H. D., Khan, M., & Fatima, U. (2011). Impact of academic leadership on faculty’s motivation and organizational effectiveness in higher education system. International Journal of Academic Research, 3(3).
- Škudienė, V., Augutytė, I., Demeško, N. & Suchockis, A. (2018). Exploring the relationship between innovative work behavior and leadership: moderating effect of locus of control. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 9(1), 21-40. https://doi.org/10.15388/omee. 2018.10.00002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15388/omee.2018.10.00002
- Vasilescu, R., Barna, C., Epure, M., & Baicu, C. (2010). Developing university social responsibility: A model for the challenges of the new civil society. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 4177–4182. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.660 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.660
- Voon, M., Lo, C., Ngui, K., & Ayob, B. (2011). The influence of leadership styles on employees’ job satisfaction in public sector organizations in Malaysia. International Journal of Business, Management and Social Sciences, 2(1), 24-32.
- Wu, J. & Lin, Y. (2018). Interaction between the different leadership styles on innovative behavior based on organizational culture in ecological industry: Empirical research from China, EKOLOJI, 27(106), 643-649.
- Yamani, T. (1967). The Statistics: An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Edition, The New York: Harper and Row.
- Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of management journal, 53(1), 107-128. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25684309 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.48037118
References
Afsar, B., & Umrani, W. (2019). Transformational Leadership and Innovative Work Behavior. European Journal of Innovation Management, 23(3), 402-428. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-12-2018-0257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-12-2018-0257
Afsar, B., Badir, Y., & Saeed, B., (2014). Transformational leadership and innovative work behavior. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 114(8), 1270-1300. http:// //doi.org/10.1108/ IMDS-05-2014-0152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-05-2014-0152
Alheeta, A., Ahmad, A., Ahmad, Y., & Mohamed, S. (2021). The effect of leadership styles on employees’ innovative work behavior. Management Science Letters, 11, 239–246. http:// //doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.8.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.8.010
Asad, A., Ismail, B., Hussain, A., & Alghazali, B. (2020). The Interplay of Leadership Styles, Innovative Work Behavior, Organizational Culture, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. SAGE Open, January-March (2020), 1–16. http://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019898264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019898264
Asare, A. E., Long, D., & Murphy, W. D. (2005). Leadership best practices for sustaining quality in UK higher education from the perspective of the EFQM Excellence Model. Quality Assurance in Education, 13(2), 148–170. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ801748 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09684880510594391
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2000). Individual consideration viewed at multiple levels of analysis: A multi-level framework for examining the diffusion of transformational leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 199-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90035-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90035-7
Barrick, M.R., Mount, M.K. and Li, N. (2013). The theory of purposeful work behavior: the role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristics. Academy of Management Review, 38(1), 132-153. https://doi.org /10.5465/amr.2010.0479 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0479
Bolden, R., Georgy, P., & Jonathan, G. (2009). Distributed Leadership in Higher Education Rhetoric and Reality. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 37(2), 257–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1741143208100301 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143208100301
Carlo, O., Jean, F., & Boudrias, A. (2015). Linking managerial practices and leadership style to innovative work behavior. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 36(5), 545 – 569. http:// doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2013-0131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2013-0131
Cheng, C., Cao, L., Zhong, H., He, Y. & Qian, J. (2019). The Influence of Leader Encouragement of Creativity on Innovation Speed: Findings from SEM and fsQCA. Sustainability, 11(9), 1-17. http:// doi.org/10.3390 /su11092693 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092693
Eisenbeiss, S., van Knippenberg, D. & Boerner, S. (2008). Transformational leadership and team innovation: Integrating team climate principles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1438–1446. https://doi.org/1 0.1037/a0012716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012716
Erdogan, B., & Enders, J. (2007). Support from the top: Supervisors' perceived organizational support as a moderator of leader-member exchange to satisfaction and performance relationships. Journal of applied psychology, 92(2), 321. http:// doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.321 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.321
Gilson, L., & Shalley, C. (2004). A little creativity goes a long way: an examination of teams’ engagement in creative processes. Journal of Management, 30(4), 453-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jm.2003.07.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2003.07.001
Gómez L., Pujols A., Alvarado Y., Vargas L. (2018). Social Responsibility in Higher Educational Institutions: An Exploratory Study. In: Crowther D., Seifi S., Moyeen A. (eds) The Goals of Sustainable Development. Approaches to Global Sustainability, Markets, and Governance. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5047-3_13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5047-3_13
Janssen, O., & Yperen, N. W., (2004). Employees' goal orientations, the quality of leader- member exchange, and the outcomes of job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of management journal, 47(3), 368-384. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159587. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/20159587
Kark, R., Van Dijk, D. & Vashdi, D. (2018). Motivated or demotivated to be creative: The role of selfâ€regulatory focus in transformational and transactional leadership processes. Applied Psychology, 67(1), 186-224. http://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12122
Kezar, J., Rozana, K., & Melissa, C. (2006). Rethinking the “leadership†Word in Higher Education: The Revolution of Research on Leadership. ASHE Higher Education Report, 31(6). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Khan, M., Aslam, N. & Riaz, M. (2012). Leadership styles as predictors of innovative work behavior. Pakistan Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 17-22. https://www.researchgate .net/publication/234092637
Kurt, Ä°. & Yahyagil, M. Y. (2015). Universal values, creative behavior and leadership: Turkish case. International Business Research, 8(6), 89-103. http:// doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v8n6p89 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v8n6p89
Kwasi, D., & Emmanuel, T. (2015). Examining the influence of transformational and transactional leadership styles on perceived job stress among Ghanaian banking employees. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(8), 161-170. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v10n8p DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v10n8p161
Li, X., & Zheng, Y. (2014). The Influential Factors of Employees’ Innovative Behavior and the Management Advices. Journal of Service Science and Management, 7(6), 446. https://doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2014.76042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2014.76042
Mukherjee, S. B., & Ray, A. (2009). Innovative work behavior of managers: Implications regarding stressful challenges of modernized public and private sector organizations. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 18(2), 101-107. http:// doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.62269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.62269
Naqvi, J., Ullah, S., & Javed, B. (2017). Effect of Leadership Styles on Employees’ Innovative Behavior: The Mediating Role of Employees’ Creativity. European Journal of Business and Management, 9(28), 27-37. http://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.8.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.8.010
Sánchez, M., & Mainardes, E. (2016). University social responsibility: A student base analysis in Brazil. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 13(2), 151–169. http:// doi.org/10.1007/s12208-016-0158-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-016-0158-7
Sandra, J., M., Geraldine, L., & Kevin, R. (2014). Synthesizing Theory and Practice: Distributed Leadership in Higher Education. Educational Management Administration & Leadership 42(5), 603–619. http://doi.org/10.117 7/1741143213510506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143213510506
Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of management journal, 37(3), 580-607. https://doi.org /10.2307/256701 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/256701
Sendjaya, S., Sarros, C., & Santora, C. (2008). Defining and measuring servant leadership behaviour in organizations. Journal of Management studies, 45(2), 402-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14676486.2 007.00761.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00761.x
Shalley, C. E., & Gilson, L. L. (2004). What leaders need to know: A review of social and contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 33-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua .2003.12.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.004
Siddique, A., Aslam, H. D., Khan, M., & Fatima, U. (2011). Impact of academic leadership on faculty’s motivation and organizational effectiveness in higher education system. International Journal of Academic Research, 3(3).
Škudienė, V., Augutytė, I., Demeško, N. & Suchockis, A. (2018). Exploring the relationship between innovative work behavior and leadership: moderating effect of locus of control. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 9(1), 21-40. https://doi.org/10.15388/omee. 2018.10.00002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15388/omee.2018.10.00002
Vasilescu, R., Barna, C., Epure, M., & Baicu, C. (2010). Developing university social responsibility: A model for the challenges of the new civil society. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 4177–4182. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.660 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.660
Voon, M., Lo, C., Ngui, K., & Ayob, B. (2011). The influence of leadership styles on employees’ job satisfaction in public sector organizations in Malaysia. International Journal of Business, Management and Social Sciences, 2(1), 24-32.
Wu, J. & Lin, Y. (2018). Interaction between the different leadership styles on innovative behavior based on organizational culture in ecological industry: Empirical research from China, EKOLOJI, 27(106), 643-649.
Yamani, T. (1967). The Statistics: An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Edition, The New York: Harper and Row.
Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of management journal, 53(1), 107-128. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25684309 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.48037118