Authors retain the copyright without restrictions for their published content in this journal. HSSR is a SHERPA ROMEO Green Journal.
Publishing License
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of
Assessment of residential housing choices, quality, and affordability in Calabar Metropolis, Southern Nigeria
Corresponding Author(s) : Inah Eteng Okon
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 5 (2021): September
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This paper examined the housing quality, its affordability as well as the housing choices which residents of Calabar can make. Housing needs in the city continue to rise in response to rapid urbanization rates and thus lead to high housing demands.
Methodology: About 384 questionnaires were distributed randomly within six purposively delineated housing districts in Calabar with a 78 percent success rate. The stratification covered all the housing types, from the low to medium and the high classes. The coordinates of respondents were also collected for spatial analyses in which the inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method was used to create housing choice maps in the identified districts of the city. The Chi-square statistics were used to test the statistical significance of the created contingency tables.
Main Findings: Significant relationship exist between housing affordability and housing quality ((f) = 11.463, p-value = 0.022 (p < 0.05)), and between average monthly income and expenditure on rented residential housing in Calabar ((f) = 539.473, p-value = 0.000 (p < 0.05)). Housing in the metropolis is not affordable to about 80% of residents who expend more than 30% of their income on housing.
Applications of this study: This study helps shape the policy direction of government in housing provision and such, encourage private developers in the sector.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Previous studies only addressed housing cost and provision, not a choice, quality, and affordability. This is the first study to address residential housing choices, quality, and affordability in the Calabar metropolis, involving a cross-sectional survey questionnaire. The results will be helpful to developers, homebuyers, and policymakers alike towards affordable housing delivery in Calabar and others. African cities.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Adabre, M.A., Chan, A.P. (2019). Critical success factors (CSFs) for sustainable affordable housing. Build. Environ., 156, 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.04.030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.04.030
- Adegun, O.B., Adedeji, Y.M.D. (2017). Review of economic and environmental benefits of earthen materials for housing in Africa. Front. Arch. Res., 6, 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2017.08.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2017.08.003
- Agbor, E. A, Ojikpong, B. E, Okon, I, & Obia, A. E. (2016). Impact of socio-economic characteristics on the quality of housing environment in Ikom Urban, Cross River State, Nigeria. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 6(6), 19-29.
- Ajanlekoko, J. S. (2001). Sustainable housing development in Nigeria-The financial and infrastructural implication. International Conference on Spatial Information for Sustainable Development, Nairobi, Kenya. 2-5 October 2001.
- Ajanlekoko, J. S. (2001). Sustainable housing development in Nigeria-The financial and infrastructural implication. International Conference on Spatial Information for Sustainable Development, Nairobi, Kenya. 2-5 October, https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/2001/nairobi/ajanlekoko-CMWS1-1.pdf
- Akintoye, A. (2006). Public partnership for sustainable development of infrastructure in developing countries. The Built Environment: Innovation, Policy and Sustainable Development. 433-442.
- Animashaun, I. A. (2010) Provision of residential housing and environmental development in Calabar: Policy Contradictions. Retrieved from: http://www.readperiodicals.com/201001/2307422931.htm
- Aribigbola, A. (2008) Housing policy formulation in developing countries: Evidence of programme implementation from Akure, Ondo State Nigeria. J. Hum. Ecol., 23, 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2008.11906063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2008.11906063
- Ayedun, C. A. & Oluwatobi, A. O. (2011). Issues and challenges militating against the sustainability of affordable housing provision in Nigeria. Business Management Dynamics, 1(4), 1-8.
- Bons, O.N., Onochie, A.O., Nzewi, N.U. (2019). Where is Home for the Abuja, Nigeria Urban Poor? Int. J. Trend Sci. Res. Dev., 3, 45–56. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd21656 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd21656
- Bujang, A. A. (2006) in Bujang, A. A., Zarin, H. A. &Jumadi, N. The relationship between demographic factors and housing affordability. Malaysian Journal of Real Estate, 5(1), 49-58.
- Chan, A.P., Adabre, M.A. (2019). Bridging the gap between sustainable housing and affordable housing: The required critical success criteria (CSC). Build. Environ, 151, 112–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.01.029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.01.029
- Demographia World Urban Areas (2017). Available online: http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf (accessed on 15 May 2017).
- Demographia World Urban Areas (2017). Built-Up Urban Areas or World Agglomerations. 17th Annual Edition, Available online: http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf (accessed on 15 May 2017).
- ESRI (2013). An introduction to interpolation methods, ArcGIS for Desktop Help, 1995-2013.
- ESRI (2013). An introduction to interpolation methods, ArcGIS for Desktop Help, 1995-2013. Available: https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/tools/spatial-analyst-toolbox/understanding-interpolation-analysis.htm
- Ezennia, I. S., & Hoskara, S. O. (2019). Exploring the severity of factors influencing sustainable affordable housing choice: evidence from Abuja, Nigeria. Sustainability, 11(20), 5792. https://doi.org/10. 3390/su11205792 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205792
- Ezennia, I.S. & Hoskara, S.O. (2019). Methodological weaknesses in the measurement approaches and concept of housing affordability used in housing research: A qualitative study. PLoS ONE, 14, 221246. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221246
- Gan, X., Zuo, J., Wen, T., & She, Y. (2019). Exploring the adequacy of massive constructed public housing in China. Sustainability, 11(7), 1949. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071949 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071949
- Gan, X.; Zuo, J.; Wu, P.; Wang, J.; Chang, R.; & Wen, T. (2017). How affordable housing becomes more sustainable? A stakeholder study. J. Clean. Prod., 162, 427–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcle pro.2017.06.048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.048
- Geissler, S.; Österreicher, D.; Macharm, E. (2018). Transition towards energy efficiency: Developing the Nigerian building energy efficiency code. Sustainability, 10, 2620. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082620
- Ghazali, E.M.; Ngiam, E.Y.L.; Mutum, D.S. (2019). Elucidating the drivers of residential mobility and housing choice behaviour in a suburban township via the push-pull-mooring framework. J. Hous. Built Environ., 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-019-09705-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-019-09705-8
- Ibem, E.O. (2010). An assessment of the role of government agencies in public-private partnerships in housing delivery in Nigeria. J. Constr. Dev. Ctries., 15, 23–48.
- Jansen, S.J.T. & Coolen, H.C.C.H. (2011). Goetgeluk, W.R. The Measurement and Analysis of Housing Preference and Choice; Springer: London, UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8894-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8894-9
- Kährik, A., Temelova, J., Kadarik, K., Kubes, J. (2016). What attracts people to inner-city areas? The cases of two post-socialist cities in Estonia and the Czech Republic. Urban Stud., 53, 355–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014567444 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014567444
- Kalu, I. E, Agbarakwe, H. U. & Anowor, O. F. (2014). National Housing Policies and the realization of improved housing for all in Nigeria. Asian Development Policy Review, 2(3),47-60. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.107.2014.23.47.60 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.107.2014.23.47.60
- Karlan, D. & Morduch, J. (2014). Macroeconomics; McGraw Hill Education: New York, NY, USA.
- Kutty, N. K. (2005). A new measure of housing affordability: estimates and analytical results. Housing Policy Debate, 16(1), 113-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521536 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521536
- Lawal, A.O.; Adekunle, I.A. (2018). Access to Land and the Delivery of Affordable Housing in Nigeria: An Assessment of the Federal Housing Authority (FHA) in Abuja, 1991 to 2013. SAGE Open, 8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018777281 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018777281
- Makinde, O.O. (2014). Housing delivery system, need and demand. Environ. Dev. Sustain., 16, 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-013-9474-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-013-9474-9
- Mulliner, E., Maligne, V. (2015). An analysis of professional perceptions of criteria contributing to sustainable housing affordability. Sustainability, 7, 248–270. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7010248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su7010248
- Napoli, G. (2017). Housing Affordability in Metropolitan Areas. The Application of a Combination of the Ratio Income and Residual Income Approaches to Two Case Studies in Sicily, Italy. Buildings, 7, 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings7040095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings7040095
- National Population Commission (2006). Federal Government of Nigeria, Abuja-Nigeria.
- O’Sullivan, A., Sheffrin, S., Perez, S. (2013). Microeconomics: Principles, Applications, and Tools, 8th ed.; Prentice-Hall: San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Ojoko, T. I. T. & Okon, I. (2018). Housing-Related Urban Poverty in Nyangasang and Anantigha Areas of Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS), 5(6), 180-187.
- Okewole, I. A., Ajayi, A., Daramola, A., Odusanmi, K. & Ogunba, O. (Eds.) (2016). Convenient University, Ota, Nigeria.
- Okewole, I. A., Ajayi, A., Daramola, A., Odusanmi, K. & Ogunba, O. (Eds.) (2016). Public partnership for sustainable development of infrastructure in developing countries. The Built Environment: Innovation, Policy and Sustainable Development. 433-442. Okewole, I. A., Ajayi, A., Daramola, A., Odusanmi, K. & Ogunba, O. (Eds.) Convenient University, Ota, Nigeria.
- Okon, I. E., C Ogba & T Adejumo (2012). Inadequate land policies and the impact of poverty on housing quality in Calabar Municipality, Cross River State, Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Advancement in Environmental Science, 2(1), 83-92.
- Olanrewaju, A. & Woon, T.C. (2019). An exploration of determinants of affordable housing choice. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, 10(5), 703-723. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHMA-11-2016-0074
- Olanrewaju, A., Tan, S.Y., Abdul-Aziz, A.R. (2018). Housing providers’ insights on the benefits of sustainable affordable housing. Sustain. Dev., 26, 847–858. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1854 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1854
- Olanrewaju, A., Woon, T.C. (2017). An exploration of determinants of affordable housing choice. Int. J. Hous. Mark. Anal., 10, 703–723.
- Olotuah, A. O. & Adedeji, Y. M. D. (2007). An evaluation of the accessibility of low-income earners to housing finance in Nigeria. D-Review.net.
- Olotuah, A. O., & Adedeji, Y. M. D. (2009). An evaluation of the accessibility of low-income earners to housing finance in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 8, 12-25.
- Omojinmi, I. O. (2000). SINA Technical Workshop on Housing Co-operatives, Nairobi. 6-17 October.
- Omole, F. K. (2001). An assessment of housing conditions and socio-economic lifestyles of slum dwellers in Akure, Nigeria. Contemporary Management Research, 6(4) 237-290. https://doi.org/10.7903/cmr.2980 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7903/cmr.2980
- Onibokun, A.G (1985). Public housing delivery system in Nigeria (1979-1983). A critical review. Housing in Nigeria, Onibokun, A.G(Ed). Nigeria Institute of Social and Economic Research, NISER, Ibadan, 429-446.
- Onibokun, A. G. (1985). Public Housing Delivery System in Nigeria (1979-1983). A Critical Review. Housing in Nigeria, Onibokun, AG (Ed.) Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, NISER, Ibadan, 429-446.
- Parkin, M. (2011). Microeconomics, Pearson Education Limited, Harlow. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Environmental Engineering, Vilnius, Lithuania, 19–20 May 2011; pp. 966–973. Available online: https://tinyurl.com/y6os5plc (accessed on 4 March 2019).
- Parkin, M. (2011). Microeconomics, Pearson Education Limited, Harlow. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Environmental Engineering, Vilnius, Lithuania, 19–20 May, 966–973. Available online: https://tinyurl.com/y6os5plc (accessed on 4 March 2019).
- Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2007). Research methods for business students. Fourth Edition. Pearson Education Limited, Edinburg Gate, Harlow, Essex, England.
- Sirgy, M.J., Grzeskowiak, S., Su, C. (2005). Explaining housing preference and choice: The role of self-congruity and functional congruity. J. Hous. Built Environ., 20, 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-005-9020-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-005-9020-7
- Smith, S. M. (2000). Determining sample size: how to ensure you get the correct sample size. URL: http://success.qualtrics.com/rs/qualtrics/images/determining-sample-size.pdf
- Statistics New Zealand (2015). Measuring housing quality: Potential ways to improve data collection on housing quality in New Zealand Available from www.stats.govt.nz.
- Stone, M. E. (2006). What is housing affordability? The case for the residual income approach. Housing Policy Debate, 17(1) 151-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521564 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521564
- Struyk R.J. (2005). Home purchase affordability and mortgage finance. In J. Hegedus & R.J. Struyk, (Eds). Housing finance: New and old model in central Europe, Russian and Kazakhstan. Budapest: Open Society Institute, 65-77.
- Ugochukwu, I.B., Chioma, M.I.B. (2015). Local building materials: Affordable strategy for housing the urban poor in Nigeria. Procedia Eng., 118, 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.402
- Vehbi, B.O., Hoskara, E., Hoskara, S.O. (2010). A Theoretical Approach for Assessing Sustainability in Housing Environment. Open House Int., 35, 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-01-2010-B0003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-01-2010-B0003
- Woetzel, J., Ram, S., Mischke, J., Garemo, N., Sankhe, S. A (2014). Blueprint for Addressing the Global Affordable Housing Challenge; McKinsey Global Institute: New York, NY, USA.
- World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). By World commission on environment and development, London, Oxford University Press, pp. 383.
- Yao, C. (2011). Measuring housing affordability in Beijing. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Real Estate and Construction Management of Building and Construction Economic, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.
- Yao, C. (2011). Measuring housing affordability in Beijing. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Real Estate and Construction Management of Building and Construction Economic, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:458169/FULLTEXT01.pdf
- Zinas, B.Z., Jusan, M.B.M. (2012). Housing choice and preference: Theory and measurement. Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci., 49, 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.07.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.07.026
- Zyed, Z.A.S., Aziz, W.N.A.W.A., Hanif, N.R. (2016). Housing affordability problems among young households. J. Surv. Constr. Prop., 7, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.22452/jscp.vol7no1.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22452/jscp.vol7no1.2
References
Adabre, M.A., Chan, A.P. (2019). Critical success factors (CSFs) for sustainable affordable housing. Build. Environ., 156, 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.04.030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.04.030
Adegun, O.B., Adedeji, Y.M.D. (2017). Review of economic and environmental benefits of earthen materials for housing in Africa. Front. Arch. Res., 6, 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2017.08.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2017.08.003
Agbor, E. A, Ojikpong, B. E, Okon, I, & Obia, A. E. (2016). Impact of socio-economic characteristics on the quality of housing environment in Ikom Urban, Cross River State, Nigeria. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 6(6), 19-29.
Ajanlekoko, J. S. (2001). Sustainable housing development in Nigeria-The financial and infrastructural implication. International Conference on Spatial Information for Sustainable Development, Nairobi, Kenya. 2-5 October 2001.
Ajanlekoko, J. S. (2001). Sustainable housing development in Nigeria-The financial and infrastructural implication. International Conference on Spatial Information for Sustainable Development, Nairobi, Kenya. 2-5 October, https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/2001/nairobi/ajanlekoko-CMWS1-1.pdf
Akintoye, A. (2006). Public partnership for sustainable development of infrastructure in developing countries. The Built Environment: Innovation, Policy and Sustainable Development. 433-442.
Animashaun, I. A. (2010) Provision of residential housing and environmental development in Calabar: Policy Contradictions. Retrieved from: http://www.readperiodicals.com/201001/2307422931.htm
Aribigbola, A. (2008) Housing policy formulation in developing countries: Evidence of programme implementation from Akure, Ondo State Nigeria. J. Hum. Ecol., 23, 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2008.11906063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2008.11906063
Ayedun, C. A. & Oluwatobi, A. O. (2011). Issues and challenges militating against the sustainability of affordable housing provision in Nigeria. Business Management Dynamics, 1(4), 1-8.
Bons, O.N., Onochie, A.O., Nzewi, N.U. (2019). Where is Home for the Abuja, Nigeria Urban Poor? Int. J. Trend Sci. Res. Dev., 3, 45–56. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd21656 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd21656
Bujang, A. A. (2006) in Bujang, A. A., Zarin, H. A. &Jumadi, N. The relationship between demographic factors and housing affordability. Malaysian Journal of Real Estate, 5(1), 49-58.
Chan, A.P., Adabre, M.A. (2019). Bridging the gap between sustainable housing and affordable housing: The required critical success criteria (CSC). Build. Environ, 151, 112–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.01.029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.01.029
Demographia World Urban Areas (2017). Available online: http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf (accessed on 15 May 2017).
Demographia World Urban Areas (2017). Built-Up Urban Areas or World Agglomerations. 17th Annual Edition, Available online: http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf (accessed on 15 May 2017).
ESRI (2013). An introduction to interpolation methods, ArcGIS for Desktop Help, 1995-2013.
ESRI (2013). An introduction to interpolation methods, ArcGIS for Desktop Help, 1995-2013. Available: https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/tools/spatial-analyst-toolbox/understanding-interpolation-analysis.htm
Ezennia, I. S., & Hoskara, S. O. (2019). Exploring the severity of factors influencing sustainable affordable housing choice: evidence from Abuja, Nigeria. Sustainability, 11(20), 5792. https://doi.org/10. 3390/su11205792 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205792
Ezennia, I.S. & Hoskara, S.O. (2019). Methodological weaknesses in the measurement approaches and concept of housing affordability used in housing research: A qualitative study. PLoS ONE, 14, 221246. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221246
Gan, X., Zuo, J., Wen, T., & She, Y. (2019). Exploring the adequacy of massive constructed public housing in China. Sustainability, 11(7), 1949. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071949 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071949
Gan, X.; Zuo, J.; Wu, P.; Wang, J.; Chang, R.; & Wen, T. (2017). How affordable housing becomes more sustainable? A stakeholder study. J. Clean. Prod., 162, 427–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcle pro.2017.06.048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.048
Geissler, S.; Österreicher, D.; Macharm, E. (2018). Transition towards energy efficiency: Developing the Nigerian building energy efficiency code. Sustainability, 10, 2620. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082620
Ghazali, E.M.; Ngiam, E.Y.L.; Mutum, D.S. (2019). Elucidating the drivers of residential mobility and housing choice behaviour in a suburban township via the push-pull-mooring framework. J. Hous. Built Environ., 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-019-09705-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-019-09705-8
Ibem, E.O. (2010). An assessment of the role of government agencies in public-private partnerships in housing delivery in Nigeria. J. Constr. Dev. Ctries., 15, 23–48.
Jansen, S.J.T. & Coolen, H.C.C.H. (2011). Goetgeluk, W.R. The Measurement and Analysis of Housing Preference and Choice; Springer: London, UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8894-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8894-9
Kährik, A., Temelova, J., Kadarik, K., Kubes, J. (2016). What attracts people to inner-city areas? The cases of two post-socialist cities in Estonia and the Czech Republic. Urban Stud., 53, 355–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014567444 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014567444
Kalu, I. E, Agbarakwe, H. U. & Anowor, O. F. (2014). National Housing Policies and the realization of improved housing for all in Nigeria. Asian Development Policy Review, 2(3),47-60. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.107.2014.23.47.60 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.107.2014.23.47.60
Karlan, D. & Morduch, J. (2014). Macroeconomics; McGraw Hill Education: New York, NY, USA.
Kutty, N. K. (2005). A new measure of housing affordability: estimates and analytical results. Housing Policy Debate, 16(1), 113-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521536 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521536
Lawal, A.O.; Adekunle, I.A. (2018). Access to Land and the Delivery of Affordable Housing in Nigeria: An Assessment of the Federal Housing Authority (FHA) in Abuja, 1991 to 2013. SAGE Open, 8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018777281 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018777281
Makinde, O.O. (2014). Housing delivery system, need and demand. Environ. Dev. Sustain., 16, 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-013-9474-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-013-9474-9
Mulliner, E., Maligne, V. (2015). An analysis of professional perceptions of criteria contributing to sustainable housing affordability. Sustainability, 7, 248–270. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7010248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su7010248
Napoli, G. (2017). Housing Affordability in Metropolitan Areas. The Application of a Combination of the Ratio Income and Residual Income Approaches to Two Case Studies in Sicily, Italy. Buildings, 7, 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings7040095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings7040095
National Population Commission (2006). Federal Government of Nigeria, Abuja-Nigeria.
O’Sullivan, A., Sheffrin, S., Perez, S. (2013). Microeconomics: Principles, Applications, and Tools, 8th ed.; Prentice-Hall: San Francisco, CA, USA.
Ojoko, T. I. T. & Okon, I. (2018). Housing-Related Urban Poverty in Nyangasang and Anantigha Areas of Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS), 5(6), 180-187.
Okewole, I. A., Ajayi, A., Daramola, A., Odusanmi, K. & Ogunba, O. (Eds.) (2016). Convenient University, Ota, Nigeria.
Okewole, I. A., Ajayi, A., Daramola, A., Odusanmi, K. & Ogunba, O. (Eds.) (2016). Public partnership for sustainable development of infrastructure in developing countries. The Built Environment: Innovation, Policy and Sustainable Development. 433-442. Okewole, I. A., Ajayi, A., Daramola, A., Odusanmi, K. & Ogunba, O. (Eds.) Convenient University, Ota, Nigeria.
Okon, I. E., C Ogba & T Adejumo (2012). Inadequate land policies and the impact of poverty on housing quality in Calabar Municipality, Cross River State, Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Advancement in Environmental Science, 2(1), 83-92.
Olanrewaju, A. & Woon, T.C. (2019). An exploration of determinants of affordable housing choice. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, 10(5), 703-723. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHMA-11-2016-0074
Olanrewaju, A., Tan, S.Y., Abdul-Aziz, A.R. (2018). Housing providers’ insights on the benefits of sustainable affordable housing. Sustain. Dev., 26, 847–858. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1854 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1854
Olanrewaju, A., Woon, T.C. (2017). An exploration of determinants of affordable housing choice. Int. J. Hous. Mark. Anal., 10, 703–723.
Olotuah, A. O. & Adedeji, Y. M. D. (2007). An evaluation of the accessibility of low-income earners to housing finance in Nigeria. D-Review.net.
Olotuah, A. O., & Adedeji, Y. M. D. (2009). An evaluation of the accessibility of low-income earners to housing finance in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 8, 12-25.
Omojinmi, I. O. (2000). SINA Technical Workshop on Housing Co-operatives, Nairobi. 6-17 October.
Omole, F. K. (2001). An assessment of housing conditions and socio-economic lifestyles of slum dwellers in Akure, Nigeria. Contemporary Management Research, 6(4) 237-290. https://doi.org/10.7903/cmr.2980 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7903/cmr.2980
Onibokun, A.G (1985). Public housing delivery system in Nigeria (1979-1983). A critical review. Housing in Nigeria, Onibokun, A.G(Ed). Nigeria Institute of Social and Economic Research, NISER, Ibadan, 429-446.
Onibokun, A. G. (1985). Public Housing Delivery System in Nigeria (1979-1983). A Critical Review. Housing in Nigeria, Onibokun, AG (Ed.) Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, NISER, Ibadan, 429-446.
Parkin, M. (2011). Microeconomics, Pearson Education Limited, Harlow. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Environmental Engineering, Vilnius, Lithuania, 19–20 May 2011; pp. 966–973. Available online: https://tinyurl.com/y6os5plc (accessed on 4 March 2019).
Parkin, M. (2011). Microeconomics, Pearson Education Limited, Harlow. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Environmental Engineering, Vilnius, Lithuania, 19–20 May, 966–973. Available online: https://tinyurl.com/y6os5plc (accessed on 4 March 2019).
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2007). Research methods for business students. Fourth Edition. Pearson Education Limited, Edinburg Gate, Harlow, Essex, England.
Sirgy, M.J., Grzeskowiak, S., Su, C. (2005). Explaining housing preference and choice: The role of self-congruity and functional congruity. J. Hous. Built Environ., 20, 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-005-9020-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-005-9020-7
Smith, S. M. (2000). Determining sample size: how to ensure you get the correct sample size. URL: http://success.qualtrics.com/rs/qualtrics/images/determining-sample-size.pdf
Statistics New Zealand (2015). Measuring housing quality: Potential ways to improve data collection on housing quality in New Zealand Available from www.stats.govt.nz.
Stone, M. E. (2006). What is housing affordability? The case for the residual income approach. Housing Policy Debate, 17(1) 151-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521564 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521564
Struyk R.J. (2005). Home purchase affordability and mortgage finance. In J. Hegedus & R.J. Struyk, (Eds). Housing finance: New and old model in central Europe, Russian and Kazakhstan. Budapest: Open Society Institute, 65-77.
Ugochukwu, I.B., Chioma, M.I.B. (2015). Local building materials: Affordable strategy for housing the urban poor in Nigeria. Procedia Eng., 118, 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.402
Vehbi, B.O., Hoskara, E., Hoskara, S.O. (2010). A Theoretical Approach for Assessing Sustainability in Housing Environment. Open House Int., 35, 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-01-2010-B0003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-01-2010-B0003
Woetzel, J., Ram, S., Mischke, J., Garemo, N., Sankhe, S. A (2014). Blueprint for Addressing the Global Affordable Housing Challenge; McKinsey Global Institute: New York, NY, USA.
World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). By World commission on environment and development, London, Oxford University Press, pp. 383.
Yao, C. (2011). Measuring housing affordability in Beijing. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Real Estate and Construction Management of Building and Construction Economic, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.
Yao, C. (2011). Measuring housing affordability in Beijing. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Real Estate and Construction Management of Building and Construction Economic, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:458169/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Zinas, B.Z., Jusan, M.B.M. (2012). Housing choice and preference: Theory and measurement. Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci., 49, 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.07.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.07.026
Zyed, Z.A.S., Aziz, W.N.A.W.A., Hanif, N.R. (2016). Housing affordability problems among young households. J. Surv. Constr. Prop., 7, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.22452/jscp.vol7no1.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22452/jscp.vol7no1.2