Issue
Authors retain the copyright without restrictions for their published content in this journal. HSSR is a SHERPA ROMEO Green Journal.
Publishing License
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of
TEST-TAKING ANXIETY AMONG EFL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN TOEFL TEST: A CASE STUDY FROM INDONESIAN CONTEXT
Corresponding Author(s) : Ida Muliawati
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This research aimed at investigating the extent of anxiety experienced by TOEFL test-takers in the Indonesian context as EFL learners.
Methodology: The participants of this study were 50 university students from various non-English majors. They were selected by using purposive sampling. The research design was descriptive quantitative method, in which a 10-question questionnaire was used as the research instrument. The questions were scored by using a five-point scale and the data were analyzed by using the three steps of data analysis.
Main Findings: The result of the data analysis showed that more than 80%percent of students experienced moderate anxiety before and during the TOEFL test-taking while the rest (20%) suffered from mild anxiety.
Applications of this study: The research findings can benefit TOEFL Preparation classes’ instructors, by which they can take the anxiety variable into account when teaching TOEFL so that the level of students’ anxiety before and during the test can be minimized.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Relatively little research examined EFL students’ anxiety in the TOEFL test. Others are much devoted to the anxiety aspects within English classroom contexts such as in anxiety in reading, writing, and speaking skills, the relationship between anxiety and motivation, as well as intelligence dominance among non-low proficiency students. Therefore, this research is devoted to a high-stake test (TOEFL test), which has not been studied previously by any researchers.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
References
Ackerman, C. E. (2019). Cognitive distortions: When your brain lies to you. https://positivepsychology.com/cognitive-distortions/
Aida, Y. (1994). Examination of Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope’s construct of foreign language anxiety: The case of students of Japanese. The Modern Language Journal, 78(2), 155-168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02026.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02026.x
Amiryousefi, M., & Tavakoli, M. (2011). The relationship between test anxiety, motivation, and MI and the TOEFL IBT reading, listening, and writing scores. Procedia Social and Behavioural Sciences, 15, 210-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.075
Andrews, B., & Wilding, J, M. (2004). The relation of depression and anxiety to life stress and achievement in students. British Journal of Psychology, 95(4), 509-21. https://doi.org/10.1348/0007126042369802 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/0007126042369802
Barrell, A. (2019). What is the link between anxiety and nausea? http://www.medicalnewstoday.com
Burn, D. (1989). Feeling good handbook. Plume.
Campbell, M. S., Blanding Z. B., Silverstein, M. E., Takashi, M. N. B., Newman, B., Gubi, A., & Mccann, N., (2005). Test anxiety and academic performance in undergraduate and graduate students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97(2), 268-274. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.97.2.268 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.97.2.268
Cassady, J. C., & Johnson, R.E. (2002). Cognitive test anxiety and academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27(2), 270-295. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.2001.1094 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.2001.1094
Cheng, L., Klinger, D., Fox, J., Doe, C., Jin, Y., & Wu, J. (2014). Motivation and test anxiety in test performance across three testing contexts: The CAEL, CET, and GEPT. TESOL Quarterly, 48(2), 300–330. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.105
Dobson, C. (2012). Effects of academic anxiety on the performance of students with and without learning disabilities and how students can cope with anxiety at school. (Master’s thesis). Northern Michigan University, Marquette.
Dodeen, H. M., Abdelfatah, F., & Alshumnari, S. (2014). Test-taking skills of secondary students: The relationship between motivation, attitudes, anxiety, and attitudes toward tests. South African Journal of Education, 34(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.15700/201412071153 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15700/201412071153
Dordinejad, F. G., Hakimi, H., Ashouri, M., Dehghani, M., Zeinali, Z., Daghighi, M. S., & Bahrami, N. (2011). On the relationship between test anxiety and academic performance. Procedia Social and Behavioural Sciences, 15, 3774–3778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.372
Dweck, C. (2006). Mindset: the new psychology of success. Random House.
Fakhari, A., Kheradman, N. S., & Dolatkhah, N. (2016). Sleep duration the night before an exam and its relationship to students’ exam scores. British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research, 15(8), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJMMR/2016/24571 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/BJMMR/2016/24571
Hanifa, R. (2018). Factors generating anxiety when learning EFL speaking skills. Studies in Language and Education, 5(2), 230-239. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v5i2.10932 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v5i2.10932
Ho, M. C. (2016). Exploring writing anxiety and self-efficacy among EFL graduate students in Taiwan. Higher Education Studies, 6(1), 24-39. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v6n1p24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v6n1p24
Horwitz, E. K., & Young, D. J. (1991). Language anxiety: From theory and research to classroom implications. Prentice-Hall.
Javanbakht, N., & Hadian, M. (2014). The effects of test anxiety on learners’ reading test performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioural Sciences, 98, 775-783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.481 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.481
Kondo, Y. (2005). A study on the relationship between language anxiety and proficiency: In a case of Japanese learners of English. 10th Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistic Seminar Proceedings (pp. 129-138). Edinburgh University, Edinburgh.
MacIntyre, P.D. (1998). Language anxiety: A review of the research for language teachers. In D. J. Young (Ed). Affect in foreign language and second language learning (pp. 24-45). McGraw-Hill.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1989). Anxiety and second language learning: Toward a theoretical clarification. Language Learning, 39(2), 251-275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1989.tb00423.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1989.tb00423.x
Mahmud, M. (2014). The EFL students’ problems in answering the Test of English as a foreign language (TOEFL): A study in Indonesian context. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4(12), 2581-2587. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.4.12.2581-2587 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.4.12.2581-2587
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. Sage Publications.
Mol, M., van Boxtel M., Willems D., & Jolles J. (2006) Do subjective memory complaints predict cognitive dysfunction over time? A six-year follow-up of the Maastricht Aging Study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(5), 432–441. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1487
Neematia, N., Hooshangi, R., & Shurideh, A. (2014). An investigation into the learners’ attitudes towards factors affecting their exam performance: A case from Razi University. Procedia - Social and Behavioural Sciences, 98, 1331–1339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.550 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.550
Nist, P., & Diehl, M. (1990). Test anxiety questionnaire. http://web.ccsu.edu/fy e/teachingresources/pdfs/test%t20anxiety20questionnaire.pdf.
Ohata, K. (2005). Potential sources of anxiety for Japanese learners of English: Preliminary case interviews with five Japanese college students in the U.S. TESL-EJ, 9(3), 1–21.
Owens, M., Stevenson, J., Hadwin, J. A., & Norgate, R. (2012). Anxiety and depression in academic performance: An exploration of the mediating factors of worry and working memory. School Psychology International, 33, 433–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034311427433 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034311427433
Pratolo, B. W. (2019). How would our students like to be corrected? A study on learners’ beliefs about language learning strategy. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(3), 274-281. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7342 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7342
Rector, Neil A., Bourdeau, Danielle., Kitchen, Kate., & Massiah, L. J. (2008). Anxiety disorder: An information guide. Center for Addiction and Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1037/e507142014-001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e507142014-001
Santrock, J. W. (2007). Educational psychology. McGraw Hill.
Sarason, I. G. (1984). Stress, anxiety, and cognitive interference: Reactions to tests. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 929-938. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.929 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.929
Schwarzer, R. (1986). Self-related cognitions in anxiety and motivation: An introduction. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-related cognitions in anxiety and motivation(pp. 1–18). Erlbaum.
Sila, A. Y. (2010). Young adolescents’ foreign language anxiety in relation to language skills at different levels. The Journal of International Social Research, 3(11), 83-91.
Situmorang, N. Z. (2019). The correlation of self-efficacy and peer support towards anxiety preceding final examinations faced by 9th graders in Yogyakarta. Humanities and Social Sciences Reviews, 7(3), 169-175. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7326
Sugiyono. (2011). Statistika untuk penelitian [Statistics for research]. Alfabeta.
Sukandi, S. S., & Syafar, D. N. (2018). EFL students’ responses to learning basic reading and writing skills. Studies in English Language and Education, 5(1), 40-53. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v5i1.8419 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v5i1.8419
Von der Embse, N., Mata, A. D., Segool, N., & Scott, E.C. (2013). Latent profile analyses of test anxiety: A pilot study. Journal of Psycho-Educational Assessment, 32(2), 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282913504541 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282913504541
Wagner, A. P. (2005). Worried no more: Help and hope for anxious children. Lighthouse Press, Inc.
Warfield, W., Laribee, R., & Geyer, R. W. (2013). Examining results and establishing benchmark data from the TOEFL ITP test. American Academic & Scholarly Research Journal, 5(3), 191-198.
Young, D. J. (1991). Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment: What does the language anxiety research suggest? Modern Language Journal, 75(4), 426-437. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1991.tb05378.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1991.tb05378.x
Zeidner, M. (1998). Perspective on individual differences. Test anxiety: The state of the art. Plenum Press.
Zelazo, P. D., & Lyons, K. E. (2012). The potential benefits of mindfulness training in early childhood: A developmental social cognitive neuroscience perspective. Child Development Perspectives, 6(2), 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00241.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00241.x