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SYI’R, SYAIR, SYI’IRAN: THE CONNECTION BETWEEN RHYMES AND METRICS IN AL-‘ARUD PERSPECTIVE
Corresponding Author(s) : Titin Nurhayati Ma’mun
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study explores metric patterns of syi’iran and syair, genres of poetry indicated to bear close relation with the pattern of Arabic syair. The genres include classical poetry in Malay, Javanese, and Sundanese.
Methodology: Research is conducted with a qualitative approach towards a data pool of syi’iran and syair, collected purposively to determine its relation with the rhymes and metrics of Arabic syair and its uniqueness compared to other forms of poetry in the Archipelago.
Main Findings: The research concludes that syi’iran and syair are poetic genres with the following characteristics: (1) posses a basic structure of couplets, (2) bear a specific rhyme pattern of consonant and vowel phonemes in up to two syllables at the end of each line, in every two to four adjacent lines, and (3) display distinct metric of consistent rhythmic half-lines. The three characteristics are indicative of its relationship with Arabic poetry.
Applications of this study: Research findings shall become a foundation to redefine the literary terminology of poetry and assist in philological criticism in Indonesia, although its uses in teachings and researches in both fields will need further promotion, both inside and outside the country.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The approach applied in the research allows the identification of metric patterns in various forms of poetry that have been circulating in Indonesia for centuries but have yet to be scientifically formulated, or even theoretically identified by scholars.
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- Abu Sanah, Muhamad Ibrahim (1982). Dirasat fi Syi’r al-‘Araby. Kairo: Dar al-Ma’arif.
- ‘Anani, Musţafa & al-Iskandari, Ahmad (n.d.) al-Washith fi al-Adab al-‘Arabi wa Tarikhihi. Mesir: Dar al-Ma’arif.
- ’Atiq, Abd ’Aziz (1983). ’Ilm al-’Arudh wa al-Qawafi. Beirut: Daar an-Nahdhah al-’Arabi.
- Attas, Syed Naguib (1968). The Origin of the Malay Shair. Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Language and Literature, Ministry of Education.
- Damanhuri, Muhammad (n.d.). al-Irsyad as-Syafi. Surabaya: Syirkah Bungkul Indah.
- Dayim, Shabir ‘Abdul (1993). Musyiq as-Syi’r al-‘Araby bain as-Tsabat wa at-Tathawur. Kairo: Maktabah al-Khanaji.
- Dhaif, Syauqi (1987). al-Fan wa Madzahibahu fi as-Syi’r al-‘Araby. Kairo: Dar al-Ma’arif.
- Dictionary of Literary Terms, Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia (1991), Balai Pustaka (third printing, 2004), Gramedia (1986)
- Drewes, G.W.J & Brekel, L.F (1986). The Poems of Hamzah Fansuri. Leiden: Bibliotheca Indonesica 26
- Fang, Liaw Yock (1993). History of Malay Literature Second Edition. Jakarta: Erlangga
- Fuad, Na’amat Ahmad. 1980. Khashaish as-Syi’r al-Hadits. Kairo: Dar al-Fikr al-‘Araby.
- Ghaddzami, Abdullah Mumammad (1991). as-Shaut al-Qadim al-Jadid. Riyadl: Dar al-Ardl.
- Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language (KBBI) first edition (1988), second edition (1991), third edition (2005), fourth edition (2008). Jakarta: Balai Pustaka
- Haqi, ‘Adnan (1987). al-Mufasshal fi al-‘Arudl wa al-Qafiyah wa funun as-Syi’r. Bairut: Dar ar-Rasyid.
- Hardiman, F. Budi (2009). Critique of Ideology: Unveiling the Connections between Jurgen Habermas’ Knowledge and Human Interests. Yogyakarta: Kanisius
- Hindun (2012). Syingir: Transformation of Arabic Poetry into Javanese Poetry. Humaniora, Vol 24, No. 1 February 2012: 73-83
- Hooykaas, C. (1952). Understanding Literature. Djakarta: J.B. Wolters-Groningen
- Husein, Thaha (1997). Fi as-Syi’r al-Jahili. Tunis: Dar al-Ma’arif.
- Ibn Abi Syanab, Muhammad (1990). Classic Literary Works in Arabic Poetry. Bairut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami
- Isa, Fauzi Sa’d (1998). al-‘Arudl al-‘Araby wa Muhawalat at-Tathawur wa at-Tajdid Fihi. Dar al-Ma’rifah al-Jami‘iyah.
- Ikhwan (2010). Life Compass: A Philological Study on Classical Texts to Understand the Phenomenon of Pluralism. Postgraduate thesis in philology. Padjajaran University, Bandung
- Lathif, Muhamad Humasah ‘Abd (1996). Lughah as-Syi’r Dirasah fi Dirasah as-Syi’riyah. Kairo: Dar as-Syuruq.
- Kartini, Tini, dkk. (1986). “Pupujian†Poems (Praises of the Prophet Muhammad) in Sundanese language. Jakarta: The Center of Language and Learning of the Ministry of Education and Culture
- Ma’mun, Titin Nurhayati (1992). A section of “Barzanji†Book: A Philological Study. Postgraduate thesis. Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung
- Ma’mun, Titin Nurhayati & Ikhwan (2014). Patterns of Arabic Poetry in Sundanese and Javanese Syi’iran (poems). “The Arabic Culture Identity Facts and Challenges. Yogyakarta: Idea Press, p. 295-316
- Ma’mun, Titin Nurhayati & Ikhwan (2016). Al-‘Arud Science: From Theory to Practice. Jatinangor: Unpad Press.
- Ma’mun, Titin Nurhayati & Ikhwan (2017). “Nusantara Syair Model in The Perspective of Al-‘Arud Scienceâ€. Procedings of The International Conference On Culture and Language in Southeast Asia : Jakarta: 14-15 November, 2017, p. 786
- Ma’mun, Ikhwan, & Hazmirullah (2018). Harmony of Arab-Malay in Arts: Case Study of Ahmad Baqi’s Qasida (Song). Paper presented at the Manassa Symposium XVII, Pekanbaru, Riau.
- Muwafi, Usman (2000). On Literary Theory and the Elements of Poetry and Prose in Contemporary Arabic Literary Criticism. Second Volume. Alexandria: Dar al-Ma’rifah al-Jami’iyah.
- Qana’i, Syihabuddin Abu al-Abas (2006). al-Kafi fi ’Ilmai al-’Arudl wa al-Qawafi. Kairo: Maktabah as-Tsaqafah ad-Diniyah
- Roolvink, R. (1966). Five Line Song in The Sejarah Melayu, BKI, 122, p. 255-7. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90002923 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90002923
- Syarif, Muhammad Abu al-Futuh (1984). al-‘Arudh, Dirasat Tathbiqiyyah wa ma’ahu Kitab al-Qawafi. Maktabah as-Syabab.
- Teeuw, A (1966). The Malay Sha’ir. Problems of Origin and Tradition, BKI, 122, p. 429-446. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90002921 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90002921
- Usman, Zuber (1960). Old Indonesian Literature. Djakarta: Gunung Agung
- Winstedt, R.O. (1968). Classical Malay Literature. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Pustaka Antara
- Zayyat, Ahmad Hasan al- (n.d.). Tarikh al-Adab al-’Arabi. Kairo: Daar an-Nahdlah.
References
Abu Sanah, Muhamad Ibrahim (1982). Dirasat fi Syi’r al-‘Araby. Kairo: Dar al-Ma’arif.
‘Anani, Musţafa & al-Iskandari, Ahmad (n.d.) al-Washith fi al-Adab al-‘Arabi wa Tarikhihi. Mesir: Dar al-Ma’arif.
’Atiq, Abd ’Aziz (1983). ’Ilm al-’Arudh wa al-Qawafi. Beirut: Daar an-Nahdhah al-’Arabi.
Attas, Syed Naguib (1968). The Origin of the Malay Shair. Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Language and Literature, Ministry of Education.
Damanhuri, Muhammad (n.d.). al-Irsyad as-Syafi. Surabaya: Syirkah Bungkul Indah.
Dayim, Shabir ‘Abdul (1993). Musyiq as-Syi’r al-‘Araby bain as-Tsabat wa at-Tathawur. Kairo: Maktabah al-Khanaji.
Dhaif, Syauqi (1987). al-Fan wa Madzahibahu fi as-Syi’r al-‘Araby. Kairo: Dar al-Ma’arif.
Dictionary of Literary Terms, Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia (1991), Balai Pustaka (third printing, 2004), Gramedia (1986)
Drewes, G.W.J & Brekel, L.F (1986). The Poems of Hamzah Fansuri. Leiden: Bibliotheca Indonesica 26
Fang, Liaw Yock (1993). History of Malay Literature Second Edition. Jakarta: Erlangga
Fuad, Na’amat Ahmad. 1980. Khashaish as-Syi’r al-Hadits. Kairo: Dar al-Fikr al-‘Araby.
Ghaddzami, Abdullah Mumammad (1991). as-Shaut al-Qadim al-Jadid. Riyadl: Dar al-Ardl.
Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language (KBBI) first edition (1988), second edition (1991), third edition (2005), fourth edition (2008). Jakarta: Balai Pustaka
Haqi, ‘Adnan (1987). al-Mufasshal fi al-‘Arudl wa al-Qafiyah wa funun as-Syi’r. Bairut: Dar ar-Rasyid.
Hardiman, F. Budi (2009). Critique of Ideology: Unveiling the Connections between Jurgen Habermas’ Knowledge and Human Interests. Yogyakarta: Kanisius
Hindun (2012). Syingir: Transformation of Arabic Poetry into Javanese Poetry. Humaniora, Vol 24, No. 1 February 2012: 73-83
Hooykaas, C. (1952). Understanding Literature. Djakarta: J.B. Wolters-Groningen
Husein, Thaha (1997). Fi as-Syi’r al-Jahili. Tunis: Dar al-Ma’arif.
Ibn Abi Syanab, Muhammad (1990). Classic Literary Works in Arabic Poetry. Bairut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami
Isa, Fauzi Sa’d (1998). al-‘Arudl al-‘Araby wa Muhawalat at-Tathawur wa at-Tajdid Fihi. Dar al-Ma’rifah al-Jami‘iyah.
Ikhwan (2010). Life Compass: A Philological Study on Classical Texts to Understand the Phenomenon of Pluralism. Postgraduate thesis in philology. Padjajaran University, Bandung
Lathif, Muhamad Humasah ‘Abd (1996). Lughah as-Syi’r Dirasah fi Dirasah as-Syi’riyah. Kairo: Dar as-Syuruq.
Kartini, Tini, dkk. (1986). “Pupujian†Poems (Praises of the Prophet Muhammad) in Sundanese language. Jakarta: The Center of Language and Learning of the Ministry of Education and Culture
Ma’mun, Titin Nurhayati (1992). A section of “Barzanji†Book: A Philological Study. Postgraduate thesis. Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung
Ma’mun, Titin Nurhayati & Ikhwan (2014). Patterns of Arabic Poetry in Sundanese and Javanese Syi’iran (poems). “The Arabic Culture Identity Facts and Challenges. Yogyakarta: Idea Press, p. 295-316
Ma’mun, Titin Nurhayati & Ikhwan (2016). Al-‘Arud Science: From Theory to Practice. Jatinangor: Unpad Press.
Ma’mun, Titin Nurhayati & Ikhwan (2017). “Nusantara Syair Model in The Perspective of Al-‘Arud Scienceâ€. Procedings of The International Conference On Culture and Language in Southeast Asia : Jakarta: 14-15 November, 2017, p. 786
Ma’mun, Ikhwan, & Hazmirullah (2018). Harmony of Arab-Malay in Arts: Case Study of Ahmad Baqi’s Qasida (Song). Paper presented at the Manassa Symposium XVII, Pekanbaru, Riau.
Muwafi, Usman (2000). On Literary Theory and the Elements of Poetry and Prose in Contemporary Arabic Literary Criticism. Second Volume. Alexandria: Dar al-Ma’rifah al-Jami’iyah.
Qana’i, Syihabuddin Abu al-Abas (2006). al-Kafi fi ’Ilmai al-’Arudl wa al-Qawafi. Kairo: Maktabah as-Tsaqafah ad-Diniyah
Roolvink, R. (1966). Five Line Song in The Sejarah Melayu, BKI, 122, p. 255-7. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90002923 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90002923
Syarif, Muhammad Abu al-Futuh (1984). al-‘Arudh, Dirasat Tathbiqiyyah wa ma’ahu Kitab al-Qawafi. Maktabah as-Syabab.
Teeuw, A (1966). The Malay Sha’ir. Problems of Origin and Tradition, BKI, 122, p. 429-446. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90002921 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90002921
Usman, Zuber (1960). Old Indonesian Literature. Djakarta: Gunung Agung
Winstedt, R.O. (1968). Classical Malay Literature. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Pustaka Antara
Zayyat, Ahmad Hasan al- (n.d.). Tarikh al-Adab al-’Arabi. Kairo: Daar an-Nahdlah.