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PANDEMIC COVID-19: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS BY PUNJAB AND SINDH GOVERNMENTS IN PAKISTAN
Corresponding Author(s) : Mian Muhammad Azhar
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): March
Abstract
Purpose: The study analyzes the growing situation of Covid-19 in Pakistan and highlights the recent scientific and social developments made during this pandemic. The paper highlights the exertions of the government of Pakistan in general and especially the preventing measures taken by the Punjab and Sindh government to fight this pandemic. The paper discusses the emergency preparedness and response to the Covid-19 in Pakistan.
Method: This research uses publicly available data to inspect the current situation of epidemic Covid-19 and its preventive measures in Pakistan, especially in Punjab and Sindh province. Besides, documents on the website of the daily situation report of NIH (National Institute of Health), WHO covid-19 dashboard (services and coordination) Ministry of National Health Regulation, different scholarly articles, and already existing world reports have been reviewed and analyzed
Main Findings: The outbreak of Covid-19 was experienced first time in December 2019 at Wuhan city of China which spread promptly in China and then all-inclusive in 213 other countries including Australia, Asia, Europe, America, and Pakistan as well. Experts believed that in a developing country like Pakistan, its effects would be devastating. It has caused approximately 2, 862, 664 deaths and affected more than 131, 837, 512 people worldwide, while its statistics are growing fast. However, several steps have been adopted to overcome Covid-19 worldwide. Even, drastic measures were taken with limited resources in Pakistan to curb the growing situation of Covid-19 such as lockdown, awareness campaign, quarantine facilities, special hospitals, and laboratories for testing the virus.
Application of the Study: The results of this research help the Pakistani government to make their policies more target-ordinated and systematic to cure this pandemic to restore its vigilance with available resources against Covid-19 and trained human capacities, laboratory networks, policy formulation, and national emergency preparedness.
The originality of the Study: This research contributes that confusion and uncertainty between the policies of the federal government and provinces on lockdown measures could lead the thousands of untimely deaths. Experts believed that in a developing country like Pakistan, its effects would be devastating. Despite its limited resources, Pakistan took a stand against an epidemic coronavirus and made it a single-point agenda by all the provinces of Pakistan.
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- Abid, K., Bari, Y. A., Younas, M., Javaid, S. T., & Imran, A. (2020, May 19). Progress of COVID-19 Epidemic in Pakistan. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 34(4), 116-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520927259 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520927259
- Ahmad, S. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on Domestic Politics of Pakistan. Covid-19 and domestic politics, Islamabad. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202104.0145.v1
- Ahmed, D. T. (January 2021). Coronavirus updates: Essential information for Pakistan. Islamabad: SAMAA News. https://www.samaa.tv/living/health/2021/01/coronavirus-updates-what-you-need-to-know-in-pakistan/
- Ahmed, Z. S. (July 14, 2020). Impact of COVID-19 on conflict and peace in Pakistan. Peace Insight. https://www.peaceinsight.org/en/articles/impact-covid-19-conflict-and-peace-pakistan/?location=pakistan&them e=culture-media-advocacy
- Akhter, N. (2020, December). COVID-19 in Pakistan: Current Scenario and Future Perspective. Journal of Clinicial and Experimental Investigation, 11(4), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.29333/jcei/8354 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/jcei/8354
- Anser, M. K., Yousaf, Z., Khan, M. A., Nassani, A. A., Abro, M. M., Vo, X. H., et al. (2020). Social and administrative issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan: better late than never. Environmental Science and Pollution Research Journal Springer, 27(1), 34567–34573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10008-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10008-7
- Bilgin, S., Kurtkulagi, O., Kahveci, G. B., Duman, T. T., & Atak, B. M. (2020). Millennium pandemic: a review of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Experimental Biomedical Research, 3(2), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.30714/j-ebr.2020259176 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30714/j-ebr.2020259176
- Bukhari, S. W. (2020). The Social and Scientific Developments in Pakistan during the Current Wave of Pandemic Covid-19. Islamabad: Center for Global & Strategic Studies.
- Chandir, S., Siddiqi, D. A., Sitayash, H., & Khan, A. J. (2020, June 29). Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on routine immunisation in Karachi, Pakistan. The Lencant Global Health Journal, 8(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30290-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30290-4
- Chaudhry, R. M., Hanif, A., Chaudhary, M., II, S. M., Mirza, K., Ashraf, T., et al. (2020, May 28). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Forecast of an Emerging Urgency in Pakistan. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8346 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8346
- Fisayo, T., & Tsukagoshi, S. (2020). Three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 1(2), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6416-5_12
- Gennaro, F. D. (2020). Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) Current Status and Future Perspectives: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3 390/ijerph17082690 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082690
- GOP. (2020). Covid-19 and Pakistan. Islamabad: Government of Pakistan.
- Hundreds of children in Pakistan's Sindh infected with COVID-19. (May 29, 2020).Al Jazeera.
- Iqbal, M. A. (2021, January). Public knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 in Pakistan: A cross-sectional study. Children and Youth Services Review, 120(105784), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ch ildyouth.2020.105784 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105784
- Jafri, D. H. (May 7, 2020). Pakistan Meeting the Challenge of COVID 19. Lahore: International Society for Quality in Health Care.
- Jamal, U. (May 28, 2020). Pakistan Plans Another COVID-19 Lockdown. Will It Work? The Diplomat (Weekely Newssletter)Diplomat Risk Intelligence, The Diplomat’s consulting and analysis division.
- Javed, B., Sarwar, A., Soto, E. B., & Mashwani, Z.-u.-R. (2020, April 21). Is Pakistan's Response to Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Adequate to Prevent an Outbreak? journal in PubMed Central (PMC), 7(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00158 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00158
- Jawed, H. (2020). Pandemic Coronavirus COVID-19 Spread in Pakistan in 2020. Journal of Respiratory Research, 6(1), 148-151. https://doi.org/10.17554/j.issn.2412-2424.2019.06.50 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17554/j.issn.2412-2424.2019.06.50
- Morales, R., J., D. A., Bonilla-Aldana, K., Tiwari, R., Sah, R., Rabaan, A. A., et al. (2020). COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: current scenario and recent developments-an overview. 14(1), 5-12. . https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.14.1.02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.14.1.02
- Nabi, I. (October 15, 2020). Coping with COVID-19: The Pakistan Experience. Islamabad: Centre for Global Development, Independent research for global prosperity. https://doi.org/10.1037/e503082020-001
- NIH. (2020). COVID-19 live dashboard (Pakistan): National Institute of Health Islamabad. Islamabad: National Institute of Health.
- NIH. (June 10. 2020). Testing Facilities Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Health Islamabad.
- Noreen, N., Siddiqui, S. W., Niazi, S. U., Khudaidad, F., Khan, N. U., Dil, S., et al. (2020). COVID-19 Outbreak in Pakistan; a Situational Analysis. Journal of Emerging Diseases and Virology, 5(2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10. 16966/2473-1846.153 DOI: https://doi.org/10.16966/2473-1846.153
- OCHA. (13 June 2020). COVID-19 – Situation Report. Islamabad: Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
- OCHA. (2020). Pakistan: COVID - 19 Situation Report. New York: Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
- Report, T. H. (2020). Covid-19 in Pakistan. Centre for Disease Control and prevention.
- Report, W. (2020). Coronavirus: Pakistan braces for a 'more lethal' second wave. https://www.dw.com/en/c oronavirus-pakistan-braces-for-a-more-lethal-second-wave/a-55662887
- Rohner, D. (2020). COVID-19 and Conflict: Major Risks and Policy Responses. De Gruyter, 26(3), 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2020-0043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2020-0043
- Saqlain, M., Munir, M. M., Ahmed, A., Tahir, A. H., & Kamran, S. (2020). Is Pakistan Prepared to Tackle the coronavirus epidemic? Springer, 36(2), 213-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40267-020-00721-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40267-020-00721-1
- Sarwar, S., Waheed, R., Sarwar, S., & Khan, A. (2020, August 15). COVID-19 challenges to Pakistan: Is GIS analysis useful to draw solutions? Science of the Total Environment, 730(2), 112-123. https://doi.org/10 .1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139089
- Services, T. M. (2020). Regulation and coordination. Islamabad: The Ministry of National Health Services.
- Sheikh, H. (2020). COVID-19: Pakistan’s preparations and response. Karachi: International Growth Centre. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202006.0353.v1
- Singhal, T. (2020). A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). The Indian Journal of Pediatrics volume, 87(1), 281-286. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202006.0353.v1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6
- UNFPA. (April 2020). UNFPA Pakistan - COVID19 Situation Report. Islamabad: UNFPA Pakistan.
- Waris, A. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak: current scenario of Pakistan. New Microbes and New Infections, 35(100681), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100681
References
Abid, K., Bari, Y. A., Younas, M., Javaid, S. T., & Imran, A. (2020, May 19). Progress of COVID-19 Epidemic in Pakistan. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 34(4), 116-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520927259 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520927259
Ahmad, S. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on Domestic Politics of Pakistan. Covid-19 and domestic politics, Islamabad. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202104.0145.v1
Ahmed, D. T. (January 2021). Coronavirus updates: Essential information for Pakistan. Islamabad: SAMAA News. https://www.samaa.tv/living/health/2021/01/coronavirus-updates-what-you-need-to-know-in-pakistan/
Ahmed, Z. S. (July 14, 2020). Impact of COVID-19 on conflict and peace in Pakistan. Peace Insight. https://www.peaceinsight.org/en/articles/impact-covid-19-conflict-and-peace-pakistan/?location=pakistan&them e=culture-media-advocacy
Akhter, N. (2020, December). COVID-19 in Pakistan: Current Scenario and Future Perspective. Journal of Clinicial and Experimental Investigation, 11(4), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.29333/jcei/8354 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/jcei/8354
Anser, M. K., Yousaf, Z., Khan, M. A., Nassani, A. A., Abro, M. M., Vo, X. H., et al. (2020). Social and administrative issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan: better late than never. Environmental Science and Pollution Research Journal Springer, 27(1), 34567–34573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10008-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10008-7
Bilgin, S., Kurtkulagi, O., Kahveci, G. B., Duman, T. T., & Atak, B. M. (2020). Millennium pandemic: a review of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Experimental Biomedical Research, 3(2), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.30714/j-ebr.2020259176 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30714/j-ebr.2020259176
Bukhari, S. W. (2020). The Social and Scientific Developments in Pakistan during the Current Wave of Pandemic Covid-19. Islamabad: Center for Global & Strategic Studies.
Chandir, S., Siddiqi, D. A., Sitayash, H., & Khan, A. J. (2020, June 29). Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on routine immunisation in Karachi, Pakistan. The Lencant Global Health Journal, 8(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30290-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30290-4
Chaudhry, R. M., Hanif, A., Chaudhary, M., II, S. M., Mirza, K., Ashraf, T., et al. (2020, May 28). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Forecast of an Emerging Urgency in Pakistan. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8346 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8346
Fisayo, T., & Tsukagoshi, S. (2020). Three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 1(2), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6416-5_12
Gennaro, F. D. (2020). Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) Current Status and Future Perspectives: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3 390/ijerph17082690 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082690
GOP. (2020). Covid-19 and Pakistan. Islamabad: Government of Pakistan.
Hundreds of children in Pakistan's Sindh infected with COVID-19. (May 29, 2020).Al Jazeera.
Iqbal, M. A. (2021, January). Public knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 in Pakistan: A cross-sectional study. Children and Youth Services Review, 120(105784), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ch ildyouth.2020.105784 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105784
Jafri, D. H. (May 7, 2020). Pakistan Meeting the Challenge of COVID 19. Lahore: International Society for Quality in Health Care.
Jamal, U. (May 28, 2020). Pakistan Plans Another COVID-19 Lockdown. Will It Work? The Diplomat (Weekely Newssletter)Diplomat Risk Intelligence, The Diplomat’s consulting and analysis division.
Javed, B., Sarwar, A., Soto, E. B., & Mashwani, Z.-u.-R. (2020, April 21). Is Pakistan's Response to Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Adequate to Prevent an Outbreak? journal in PubMed Central (PMC), 7(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00158 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00158
Jawed, H. (2020). Pandemic Coronavirus COVID-19 Spread in Pakistan in 2020. Journal of Respiratory Research, 6(1), 148-151. https://doi.org/10.17554/j.issn.2412-2424.2019.06.50 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17554/j.issn.2412-2424.2019.06.50
Morales, R., J., D. A., Bonilla-Aldana, K., Tiwari, R., Sah, R., Rabaan, A. A., et al. (2020). COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: current scenario and recent developments-an overview. 14(1), 5-12. . https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.14.1.02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.14.1.02
Nabi, I. (October 15, 2020). Coping with COVID-19: The Pakistan Experience. Islamabad: Centre for Global Development, Independent research for global prosperity. https://doi.org/10.1037/e503082020-001
NIH. (2020). COVID-19 live dashboard (Pakistan): National Institute of Health Islamabad. Islamabad: National Institute of Health.
NIH. (June 10. 2020). Testing Facilities Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Health Islamabad.
Noreen, N., Siddiqui, S. W., Niazi, S. U., Khudaidad, F., Khan, N. U., Dil, S., et al. (2020). COVID-19 Outbreak in Pakistan; a Situational Analysis. Journal of Emerging Diseases and Virology, 5(2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10. 16966/2473-1846.153 DOI: https://doi.org/10.16966/2473-1846.153
OCHA. (13 June 2020). COVID-19 – Situation Report. Islamabad: Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
OCHA. (2020). Pakistan: COVID - 19 Situation Report. New York: Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
Report, T. H. (2020). Covid-19 in Pakistan. Centre for Disease Control and prevention.
Report, W. (2020). Coronavirus: Pakistan braces for a 'more lethal' second wave. https://www.dw.com/en/c oronavirus-pakistan-braces-for-a-more-lethal-second-wave/a-55662887
Rohner, D. (2020). COVID-19 and Conflict: Major Risks and Policy Responses. De Gruyter, 26(3), 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2020-0043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2020-0043
Saqlain, M., Munir, M. M., Ahmed, A., Tahir, A. H., & Kamran, S. (2020). Is Pakistan Prepared to Tackle the coronavirus epidemic? Springer, 36(2), 213-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40267-020-00721-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40267-020-00721-1
Sarwar, S., Waheed, R., Sarwar, S., & Khan, A. (2020, August 15). COVID-19 challenges to Pakistan: Is GIS analysis useful to draw solutions? Science of the Total Environment, 730(2), 112-123. https://doi.org/10 .1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139089
Services, T. M. (2020). Regulation and coordination. Islamabad: The Ministry of National Health Services.
Sheikh, H. (2020). COVID-19: Pakistan’s preparations and response. Karachi: International Growth Centre. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202006.0353.v1
Singhal, T. (2020). A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). The Indian Journal of Pediatrics volume, 87(1), 281-286. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202006.0353.v1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6
UNFPA. (April 2020). UNFPA Pakistan - COVID19 Situation Report. Islamabad: UNFPA Pakistan.
Waris, A. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak: current scenario of Pakistan. New Microbes and New Infections, 35(100681), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100681