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PREGNANCY RELATED ANXIETY, COUPLE RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION AND SUBJECTIVE HAPPINESS AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN
Corresponding Author(s) : Saira Bano
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The main purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between pregnancy-related anxiety and couple relationship satisfaction; with the subjective happiness of pregnant women of Pakistan.
Methodology: This study used a quantitative research method, and questionnaires were used for data collection from pregnant women (N = 200) of Haripur, Abbottabad, Wah Cantt, and Taxila. The statistical analyses of correlation, regression, t-test, and ANOVAs were used.
Main Findings: The results indicated that pregnancy-related anxiety predicts subjective happiness of pregnant women, couple relationship satisfaction positively predicted subjective happiness of pregnant women, and couple relationship satisfaction does not moderate the relationship between pregnancy-related anxiety and subjective happiness among pregnant women.
Applications of this study: The findings have theoretical and applied significance in the term allowing targeting those pregnant women who would benefit from assessment and coping with pregnancy-related anxiety.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Identifying the women at risk would allow us to follow them up during their pregnancy, recognize earlier symptoms of pregnancy-related anxiety as they develop, and implement therapeutic interventions if needed, and spouse's training may also be encouraged and planed.
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- Arch, J. J. (2013). Pregnancy-specific anxiety: Which women are highest and what are the alcohol-related risks? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54 (3), 217-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.010
- Babanazari, L., Kafi, M. (2008). Relationship of pregnancy anxiety to its different periods, sexual satisfaction and demographic factors. Iranian Journal ofnPsychiatry and Clinical psychology, 14(2), 206–213.
- Bayrampour, H., Heaman, M., Duncan, K.A., Tough, S. (2013). Predictors of perception of pregnancy risk among nulliparous women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 42 (4), 416-427. https://doi.org/10. 1111/1552-6909.12215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12215
- Cameron, E. E., Giesbrecht, G. F., & Tomfohr-Madsen, L. M. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Scale for use with fathers during pregnancy. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 22(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000260 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000260
- Chang, S., Chao, Y., & Kenney, N.J. (2006). I am a woman and I'm pregnant: Body image of woman in third trimester of Pregnancy, Birth, 33(2),147-153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0730-7659.2006.00087.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0730-7659.2006.00087.x
- Dutt, A. K. & Radcliff, B. (2009). Happiness, Economics and Politics: Towards a Multi- Disciplinary Approach (11th ed). Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.
- Figueiredo, B., Field, T., Diego, M., Hernandez-Reif, M., Deeds, O., Ascencio, A. (2008). Partner relationships during the transition to parenthood. Journal of Reproductive and Infant psychology, 26(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646830701873057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02646830701873057
- Guerrero, L. K., Anderson, P. A., & Afifi, W. A. (2011). Close Encounters: Communication in Relationships (3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage. https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/25631380
- Henderson, J., & Maggie, R. (2013). Anxiety in the perinatal Perio: Antenatal and postnatal influences and women's experience of care. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 31(5), 465-478, https://doi.org/10.1080 /02646838.2013.835037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2013.835037
- Hamid, F., Asif, A., & Haider, I. I. (2008). Study of anxiety and depression during pregnancy. Pakistan Journal of Medical sciences, 24(6), 861-864.
- Hoyer, J., Wieder, G., Höfler, M., Krause, L., Wittchen, H.-U., & Martini, J. (2020). Do lifetime anxiety disorders (anxiety liability) and pregnancy-related anxiety predict complications during pregnancy and delivery? Early Human Development, 144, 105022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105022
- Huizink, A. C., Robles de Medina, P. G., Mulder, E. J. H., Visser, G. H. A.,Stapleton, L. R. T., Schetter, C. D., Westling, E., Rini, C., Glynn, L. M., & Hobel, C. J., et al. (2012). Perceived partner support in pregnancy predicts lower maternal and infant distress. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(2), 453-459. https://doi.org/10.10 37/a0028332
- Ilska, M., Brandt-Salmeri, A., & Kołodziej-Zaleska, A. (2020). Effect of prenatal distress on subjective happiness in pregnant women: The role of prenatal attitudes towards maternity and ego-resiliency. Personality and Individual Differences, 163, 110098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110098
- Jannati, Y., & Khaki, N. (2005). Psychiatry in Midwifery. Tehran: Jameenegar Publisher, 144-145.
- Jayasvasti, K., & Kanchanatawan, B. (2005). Happiness and related factors in pregnant women. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 88(4), 220–225.
- Karacam, Z., Ancel, G. (2009). Depression, anxiety and influencing factors in Pregnancy: A study in a Turkish population. Midwifery, 25 (4), 344-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.03.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.03.006
- Kohler, HP., Behrman, J. R., & Scythe, A. (2005). Partner + Children = Happiness? The Effects of Partnerships and Fertility on Well-Being. Psychological Review, 31(3), 407-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2005.00078.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2005.00078.x
- Lee, A. M., Lam, S. K., Sze Mun Lau, S.M., Chong, C.S., Chui, H.W., & Fong, D.Y. (2007). Prevalence, course, and risk factors for antenatal anxiety and depression. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 110 (5), 1102-1112. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000287065.59491.70 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000287065.59491.70
- Lee, M., Kim, Y. S., & Lee, M. K. (2021). The Mediating Effect of Marital Intimacy on the Relationship between Spouse-Related Stress and Prenatal Depression in Pregnant Couples: An Actor–Partner Interdependent Model Test. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 487. https://doi.org/10.339 0/ijerph18020487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020487
- Malary, M., Shahhosseini, Z., Pourasghar, M., & Hamzehgardeshi, Z. (2015). Couples Communication Skills and Anxiety of Pregnancy: A Narrative Review. Journal of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovnia, 27(4), 286–290. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2015.27.286-290 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2015.27.286-290
- Rini, C., Schetter, C. D., Hobel, C. J., Glynn, L. M., & Sandman, C. A. (2006). Effective social support: Antecedents and consequences of partner support during pregnancy. Personal Relationships, 13(2), 207-229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00114.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00114.x
- Rubertsson, C., Hellstrom, J., Cross, M., & Sydsjo, G. (2014). Anxiety in early Pregnancy: Prevalence and contributing factors. Archives of Womens Mental Health, 17(3), 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-013-0409-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-013-0409-0
- Rusu, A.S., & Muresan, V. C., (ed.) (2014). Satisfaction in Couples: Research in the Psychobiology of sexuality. Ed. Grinta, Cluj-Napoca.
- Salehi, F., & Shahhosseini, Z. (2017) Association Between Women's Marital Satisfaction and Anxiety During Pregnancy. Iran Journal of Psychiatry Behavior Science, 11(3), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.17795/ijpbs-7937 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17795/ijpbs-7937
- Schetter, D. C., & Guardino, C. (2014). Understanding pregnancy anxiety concepts, correlates and consequences. Zero to Three, 34(3), 12-21.
- Schetter, D. C. (2011). Psychological science on Pregnancy: Stress processes, biopsychosocial models, and emerging research issues. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 531–558. https://doi.org/10.1146/a nnurev.psych.031809.130727 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.031809.130727
- Skouteris, H., Carr, R., Wertheim, E.H., Paxton, S.J., Duncombe, D. (2005). A prospective study of factors that lead to body dissatisfaction during pregnancy. Body Image, 2(4), 347-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.09.002
- Stapleton, L.R.T., Schetter, C. D., Westling, E., Rini, C., Glynn, L.M., Hobel, C.J., et al. Perceived partner support in pregnancy predicts lower maternal and infant distress. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(3), 453-457. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028332 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028332
- Turk, R., Sakar, T., & Erkaya, R. (2017). The effect of pregnancy on happiness, Education, Health and ICT for a Transcultural World, Spain, 2016, Almeria: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.198 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.198
- Veenhoven, R. (1984). Conditions of Happiness (1st ed). Netherlands, Erasmus University Rotterdam. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6432-7_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6432-7_1
- Wenzel, A. (2011). Anxiety symptoms during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
- In anxiety in childbearing women: Diagnosis and treatment. (21–35). Washington: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12302-001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/12302-001
- Zhou, C., Weng, J., Tan, F., Wu, S., Ma, J., Zhang, B., & Yuan, Q. (2020). Pregnancy-related anxiety among Chinese pregnant women in mid-late pregnancy under the two-child policy and its significant correlates. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, 272-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.099
References
Arch, J. J. (2013). Pregnancy-specific anxiety: Which women are highest and what are the alcohol-related risks? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54 (3), 217-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.010
Babanazari, L., Kafi, M. (2008). Relationship of pregnancy anxiety to its different periods, sexual satisfaction and demographic factors. Iranian Journal ofnPsychiatry and Clinical psychology, 14(2), 206–213.
Bayrampour, H., Heaman, M., Duncan, K.A., Tough, S. (2013). Predictors of perception of pregnancy risk among nulliparous women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 42 (4), 416-427. https://doi.org/10. 1111/1552-6909.12215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12215
Cameron, E. E., Giesbrecht, G. F., & Tomfohr-Madsen, L. M. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Scale for use with fathers during pregnancy. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 22(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000260 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000260
Chang, S., Chao, Y., & Kenney, N.J. (2006). I am a woman and I'm pregnant: Body image of woman in third trimester of Pregnancy, Birth, 33(2),147-153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0730-7659.2006.00087.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0730-7659.2006.00087.x
Dutt, A. K. & Radcliff, B. (2009). Happiness, Economics and Politics: Towards a Multi- Disciplinary Approach (11th ed). Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.
Figueiredo, B., Field, T., Diego, M., Hernandez-Reif, M., Deeds, O., Ascencio, A. (2008). Partner relationships during the transition to parenthood. Journal of Reproductive and Infant psychology, 26(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646830701873057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02646830701873057
Guerrero, L. K., Anderson, P. A., & Afifi, W. A. (2011). Close Encounters: Communication in Relationships (3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage. https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/25631380
Henderson, J., & Maggie, R. (2013). Anxiety in the perinatal Perio: Antenatal and postnatal influences and women's experience of care. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 31(5), 465-478, https://doi.org/10.1080 /02646838.2013.835037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2013.835037
Hamid, F., Asif, A., & Haider, I. I. (2008). Study of anxiety and depression during pregnancy. Pakistan Journal of Medical sciences, 24(6), 861-864.
Hoyer, J., Wieder, G., Höfler, M., Krause, L., Wittchen, H.-U., & Martini, J. (2020). Do lifetime anxiety disorders (anxiety liability) and pregnancy-related anxiety predict complications during pregnancy and delivery? Early Human Development, 144, 105022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105022
Huizink, A. C., Robles de Medina, P. G., Mulder, E. J. H., Visser, G. H. A.,Stapleton, L. R. T., Schetter, C. D., Westling, E., Rini, C., Glynn, L. M., & Hobel, C. J., et al. (2012). Perceived partner support in pregnancy predicts lower maternal and infant distress. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(2), 453-459. https://doi.org/10.10 37/a0028332
Ilska, M., Brandt-Salmeri, A., & Kołodziej-Zaleska, A. (2020). Effect of prenatal distress on subjective happiness in pregnant women: The role of prenatal attitudes towards maternity and ego-resiliency. Personality and Individual Differences, 163, 110098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110098
Jannati, Y., & Khaki, N. (2005). Psychiatry in Midwifery. Tehran: Jameenegar Publisher, 144-145.
Jayasvasti, K., & Kanchanatawan, B. (2005). Happiness and related factors in pregnant women. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 88(4), 220–225.
Karacam, Z., Ancel, G. (2009). Depression, anxiety and influencing factors in Pregnancy: A study in a Turkish population. Midwifery, 25 (4), 344-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.03.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.03.006
Kohler, HP., Behrman, J. R., & Scythe, A. (2005). Partner + Children = Happiness? The Effects of Partnerships and Fertility on Well-Being. Psychological Review, 31(3), 407-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2005.00078.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2005.00078.x
Lee, A. M., Lam, S. K., Sze Mun Lau, S.M., Chong, C.S., Chui, H.W., & Fong, D.Y. (2007). Prevalence, course, and risk factors for antenatal anxiety and depression. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 110 (5), 1102-1112. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000287065.59491.70 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000287065.59491.70
Lee, M., Kim, Y. S., & Lee, M. K. (2021). The Mediating Effect of Marital Intimacy on the Relationship between Spouse-Related Stress and Prenatal Depression in Pregnant Couples: An Actor–Partner Interdependent Model Test. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 487. https://doi.org/10.339 0/ijerph18020487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020487
Malary, M., Shahhosseini, Z., Pourasghar, M., & Hamzehgardeshi, Z. (2015). Couples Communication Skills and Anxiety of Pregnancy: A Narrative Review. Journal of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovnia, 27(4), 286–290. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2015.27.286-290 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2015.27.286-290
Rini, C., Schetter, C. D., Hobel, C. J., Glynn, L. M., & Sandman, C. A. (2006). Effective social support: Antecedents and consequences of partner support during pregnancy. Personal Relationships, 13(2), 207-229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00114.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00114.x
Rubertsson, C., Hellstrom, J., Cross, M., & Sydsjo, G. (2014). Anxiety in early Pregnancy: Prevalence and contributing factors. Archives of Womens Mental Health, 17(3), 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-013-0409-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-013-0409-0
Rusu, A.S., & Muresan, V. C., (ed.) (2014). Satisfaction in Couples: Research in the Psychobiology of sexuality. Ed. Grinta, Cluj-Napoca.
Salehi, F., & Shahhosseini, Z. (2017) Association Between Women's Marital Satisfaction and Anxiety During Pregnancy. Iran Journal of Psychiatry Behavior Science, 11(3), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.17795/ijpbs-7937 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17795/ijpbs-7937
Schetter, D. C., & Guardino, C. (2014). Understanding pregnancy anxiety concepts, correlates and consequences. Zero to Three, 34(3), 12-21.
Schetter, D. C. (2011). Psychological science on Pregnancy: Stress processes, biopsychosocial models, and emerging research issues. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 531–558. https://doi.org/10.1146/a nnurev.psych.031809.130727 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.031809.130727
Skouteris, H., Carr, R., Wertheim, E.H., Paxton, S.J., Duncombe, D. (2005). A prospective study of factors that lead to body dissatisfaction during pregnancy. Body Image, 2(4), 347-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.09.002
Stapleton, L.R.T., Schetter, C. D., Westling, E., Rini, C., Glynn, L.M., Hobel, C.J., et al. Perceived partner support in pregnancy predicts lower maternal and infant distress. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(3), 453-457. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028332 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028332
Turk, R., Sakar, T., & Erkaya, R. (2017). The effect of pregnancy on happiness, Education, Health and ICT for a Transcultural World, Spain, 2016, Almeria: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.198 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.198
Veenhoven, R. (1984). Conditions of Happiness (1st ed). Netherlands, Erasmus University Rotterdam. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6432-7_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6432-7_1
Wenzel, A. (2011). Anxiety symptoms during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
In anxiety in childbearing women: Diagnosis and treatment. (21–35). Washington: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12302-001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/12302-001
Zhou, C., Weng, J., Tan, F., Wu, S., Ma, J., Zhang, B., & Yuan, Q. (2020). Pregnancy-related anxiety among Chinese pregnant women in mid-late pregnancy under the two-child policy and its significant correlates. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, 272-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.099