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A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION OF FRUSTRATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF EMERGING ADULTS
Corresponding Author(s) : Aaliya Zaka
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose: The present study was aimed to explore the phenomena of frustration from the perspective of emerging adults.
Methodology: Qualitative research design was followed in the study. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The sample consisted of 69 emerging adults (33 males, 36 females) aged from 18 years to 25 years. A convenient sampling technique was used to collect the data. The data was collected from different universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan; An open-ended questionnaire was developed to explore the concept of frustration for conducting semi-structured interviews. Content analysis was employed to analyze the data.
Main Findings: Analysis of the transcripts revealed one main theme; emotions related to frustration, and three subthemes; Affective emotions, Cognitive styles, and Behavioral emotions.
Implications/Applications: The current study results highlight the importance of considering how young adults understand their conditions to help them regain functioning status and prevent missed developmental milestones for physicians dealing with emerging adults experiencing frustration. Besides, this research indicates to policymakers that the lack of optimism associated with anxiety disorders and inadequate access to and fragmentation of mental health services can substantially hinder these young adults' capacity to receive consistent, high-quality care.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Many quantitative researches have investigated the reaction to frustration among adolescents. Emotions of frustration are different according to the situation. In literature, no qualitative study found that investigated this phenomenon in emerging adults. So this study was intended to explore the construct of frustration qualitatively.
Keywords
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- Akrani, G. (2011). Relationship between stress and job performance. Retrieved from http://kaylan_city.blogspo .com/2011/03/relationship_between-stress_and_job.hotmail
- Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
- Arnett, J. J. (2016). College students as emerging adults: The developmental implications of the college context. Emerging Adulthood, 4, 219–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815587422 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815587422
- Arnett, J. J., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2015). Brief report: Danish emerging adults’ conceptions of adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 38, 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.10.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.10.011
- Aydın, G., & Michou, A. (2020). Selfâ€determined motivation and academic buoyancy as predictors of achievement in normative settings. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(4), 964-980. https://doi.org/10.11 11/bjep.12338 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12338
- Bernard, E. & Ellis, A. (2006). Rational-emotive behavioral approaches to childhood disorder: History theory, practice and research. In Rational emotive behavioral approaches to childhood disorders. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26375-6_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26375-6_1
- Bhutia,Y & Sungho, B (2014). Adolescents of Shillong: Their reactions to frustration. International Journal of Education and Psychological Research, 3(1), 54-58.
- Biswas, P.C (1989). Reaction to frustration in school children. Kalyani University.
- Boll, J. (2017). Emerging adulthood and young adult mental health. https://www.rtor.org/emerging-adults/
- Brisset, M & Nowicki, S (1973). Internal versus external control of reinforcement and reaction to frustration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 25(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034247
- Calkins, S. D., Dedmon, S. E.,Gill, K. L., Lomax, L. E., & Johnson, L. M. (2002). Frustration in Infancy: Implications for emotion regulation, physiological processes, and temperament. Infancy, 3(2), 175-197. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327078IN0302_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327078IN0302_4
- CAMHS Review (2008). Children and young people in mind: The Final Report of the National CAMHS Review. CAHMS.
- Caterina, B., Filippello, P., Harrington, N., Costa, S., & Sorrenti, L. (2018). Perceived parentral psychological control and school learned helplessness: The role of frustration intolerance as a mediator factor. School Psychology International, 34(4), 360-377. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034318775140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034318775140
- Chatterjee. S. (2016). Frustration and aggression among adolescents. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 6(2), 23-38.
- Chen, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W., Boone, L., Deci, E. L., Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., … Verstuyf, J. (2015). Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures. Motivation and Emotion, 39(2), 216–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9450-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9450-1
- Cival, C. (2013). Rejecting unfairness emotion-driven reaction or cognitive heuristic? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 126-128. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00126
- Costa, S., Ingoglia, S., Inguglia, C., Liga, F., Lo Coco, A., & Larcan, R. (2018). Psychometric Evaluation of Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS) in Italy. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 51(3), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1347021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1347021
- Costa, S., Ingoglia, S., Inguglia, C., Liga, F., Lo Coco, A., & Larcan, R. (2017). Psychometric Evaluation of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS) in Italy. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 51(3), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1347021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1347021
- Dangwal, K.L (2000). A study of the relationship of reaction to frustration and academic achievement of class 5th students. Indian Journal of Educational Research, 19, 49-55.
- Dave, V.J (2013). Construction and tryouts of frustration inventory for the students of secondary schools. Sayone Publishing House.
- Degnan, K. A., Calkins, S. D., & Keane, S. P. (2008). Profiles of disruptive behavior across early childhood: Contributions of frustration reactivity, physiological regulation, and maternal behavior. Child Development, 79(5), 1357-1376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01193x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01193.x
- Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. Sage Publication.
- Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1), 665-697. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurer.psych.51.1.665 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665
- Fillauer, J. P., Bolden, J., Jacobson, M., Partlow, B. H., Benavides, A., & Shultz, J. N. (2020). Examining the effects of frustration on working memory capacity. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 34(1), 50-63. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3587 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3587
- Harrington, N. (2011). Frustration intolerance: Therapy issues and strategies. Journal of Rational Emotive and Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 29(1), 4-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-011-0126-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-011-0126-4
- Howitt, D. (2010). Introduction to qualitative methods in psychology. Prentice Hall.
- Izard, C. E. (1993). Systems for motivation, cognitive and non-cognitive development. Psychology Review, 100, 68-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.1.68
- Johansen, C. B., Rothmann, M. J., Andersen, A., Beckâ€Nielsen, H., & Pouwer, F. (2020). The role of parental support for emerging adults with Type 1 diabetes: A scoping review. Pediatric diabetes, 21(6), 995-1030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13022
- Kakkar, N. & Jain, K. (2015). Frustration among the secondary school students in relation to their emotional maturity: A Study. Bhartiyan International Journal of Education and Research, 5(1), 1-10.
- Kashyap, V. (1989). Psychological determinants of adolescent problems. NCERT.
- Lewandowski, C.A (2003). organizational factors contributing to worker frustration: The precursor to burnout. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 30(4), 175-185.
- Liga, F., Ingoglia, S., Cuzzocrea, F., Inguglia, C., Costa, S., Lo Coco, A., & Larcan, R. (2018). The Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale: Construct and Predictive Validity in the Italian Context. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1504053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1504053
- Morral, P (1996). Clinical sociology and the frustration of clients. Mental Nursing, 16(3); 24-27.
- Ozer, S., & Schwartz, S. J. (2020). Academic motivation, life exploration, and psychological well-being among emerging adults in Denmark. Nordic Psychology, 72(3), 199-221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2019.1675088
- Parmenter, J. G., Galliher, R. V., Yaugher, A. C., & Maughan, A. D. (2020). Intersectionality and Identity Configurations: A Qualitative Study Exploring Sexual Identity Development Among Emerging Adults Within the United States. Emerging Adulthood. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696820946597
- Perry, D (1977). Reward-induced decreased play effects: Reattribution of motivation, competing responses, or avoding frustration? Child Development, 48(4), 1369-1374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1128495
- Powell, R. A., Symbaluk, D. G., & Honey, P. L. (2013). Introduction to learning and behavior. Wadsworth.
- Pramanik, B. R. (2016). Reactions to frustration of scheduled tribe secondary school children in the district of Purba Midnapur West Bengal: A survey. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/reaction_to_frustrat ion_of_scheduled_tribe_school_pramanik/bocac8f056@3085bb93c435cf54f61750c4b6d12#paper_header
- Rani, R. & Deswal, Y. S. (2015). Relationship of frustration and academic achievement of adolescent of government and non-government senior secondary schools. Bhartitam International Journal of Education and Research. 4(2). http://www.gangainstituteofeducation.com/NewDocs/vol-4/issue-3/6.pdf
- Reid, K., Flowers, P. & Larkin, M. (2005). Interpretative phenomenology analysis: An overview and methodological review. The Psychologist, 18, 20-23.
- Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologists, 55; 68-78. https://dooi.or/10.10371/0003-006x.55.1.68 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
- Santurio, J. I. M., Fernández-RÃo, J., Estrada, J. A. C., & González-VÃllora, S. (2020). Connections between bullying victimization and satisfaction/frustration of adolescents' basic psychological needs. Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed.), 25(2), 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psicoe.2019.11.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psicoe.2019.11.002
- Sharma, S. (1992). A comparative study of problems of adolescents from the rural and urban backgrounds [M.Ed. Dissertation]. Punjab University, Chandigarh.
- Smith, J.A. & Osborn, M. (2008). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In Smith, J.A. (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to methods. Sage
- Stevenson, O., & Parsloe, P. (1993). Community care & frustration. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
- Vansteenkiste, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). On psychological growth and vulnerability: Basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23(3), 263–280. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032359 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032359
- Woolmen, J. (2020). "No celebration": Indigenous communities, leaders share Canada day frustration. The University of British Columbia. www.irshdc.ubc.ca/2020/06/
- Zimmerman, M. A. & Rappaport, J. (1988). Citizen participation, perceived control, and psychological frustration. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 725-750. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00930023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00930023
References
Akrani, G. (2011). Relationship between stress and job performance. Retrieved from http://kaylan_city.blogspo .com/2011/03/relationship_between-stress_and_job.hotmail
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
Arnett, J. J. (2016). College students as emerging adults: The developmental implications of the college context. Emerging Adulthood, 4, 219–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815587422 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815587422
Arnett, J. J., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2015). Brief report: Danish emerging adults’ conceptions of adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 38, 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.10.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.10.011
Aydın, G., & Michou, A. (2020). Selfâ€determined motivation and academic buoyancy as predictors of achievement in normative settings. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(4), 964-980. https://doi.org/10.11 11/bjep.12338 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12338
Bernard, E. & Ellis, A. (2006). Rational-emotive behavioral approaches to childhood disorder: History theory, practice and research. In Rational emotive behavioral approaches to childhood disorders. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26375-6_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26375-6_1
Bhutia,Y & Sungho, B (2014). Adolescents of Shillong: Their reactions to frustration. International Journal of Education and Psychological Research, 3(1), 54-58.
Biswas, P.C (1989). Reaction to frustration in school children. Kalyani University.
Boll, J. (2017). Emerging adulthood and young adult mental health. https://www.rtor.org/emerging-adults/
Brisset, M & Nowicki, S (1973). Internal versus external control of reinforcement and reaction to frustration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 25(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034247
Calkins, S. D., Dedmon, S. E.,Gill, K. L., Lomax, L. E., & Johnson, L. M. (2002). Frustration in Infancy: Implications for emotion regulation, physiological processes, and temperament. Infancy, 3(2), 175-197. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327078IN0302_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327078IN0302_4
CAMHS Review (2008). Children and young people in mind: The Final Report of the National CAMHS Review. CAHMS.
Caterina, B., Filippello, P., Harrington, N., Costa, S., & Sorrenti, L. (2018). Perceived parentral psychological control and school learned helplessness: The role of frustration intolerance as a mediator factor. School Psychology International, 34(4), 360-377. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034318775140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034318775140
Chatterjee. S. (2016). Frustration and aggression among adolescents. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 6(2), 23-38.
Chen, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W., Boone, L., Deci, E. L., Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., … Verstuyf, J. (2015). Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures. Motivation and Emotion, 39(2), 216–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9450-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9450-1
Cival, C. (2013). Rejecting unfairness emotion-driven reaction or cognitive heuristic? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 126-128. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00126
Costa, S., Ingoglia, S., Inguglia, C., Liga, F., Lo Coco, A., & Larcan, R. (2018). Psychometric Evaluation of Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS) in Italy. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 51(3), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1347021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1347021
Costa, S., Ingoglia, S., Inguglia, C., Liga, F., Lo Coco, A., & Larcan, R. (2017). Psychometric Evaluation of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS) in Italy. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 51(3), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1347021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1347021
Dangwal, K.L (2000). A study of the relationship of reaction to frustration and academic achievement of class 5th students. Indian Journal of Educational Research, 19, 49-55.
Dave, V.J (2013). Construction and tryouts of frustration inventory for the students of secondary schools. Sayone Publishing House.
Degnan, K. A., Calkins, S. D., & Keane, S. P. (2008). Profiles of disruptive behavior across early childhood: Contributions of frustration reactivity, physiological regulation, and maternal behavior. Child Development, 79(5), 1357-1376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01193x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01193.x
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. Sage Publication.
Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1), 665-697. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurer.psych.51.1.665 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665
Fillauer, J. P., Bolden, J., Jacobson, M., Partlow, B. H., Benavides, A., & Shultz, J. N. (2020). Examining the effects of frustration on working memory capacity. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 34(1), 50-63. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3587 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3587
Harrington, N. (2011). Frustration intolerance: Therapy issues and strategies. Journal of Rational Emotive and Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 29(1), 4-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-011-0126-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-011-0126-4
Howitt, D. (2010). Introduction to qualitative methods in psychology. Prentice Hall.
Izard, C. E. (1993). Systems for motivation, cognitive and non-cognitive development. Psychology Review, 100, 68-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.1.68
Johansen, C. B., Rothmann, M. J., Andersen, A., Beckâ€Nielsen, H., & Pouwer, F. (2020). The role of parental support for emerging adults with Type 1 diabetes: A scoping review. Pediatric diabetes, 21(6), 995-1030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13022
Kakkar, N. & Jain, K. (2015). Frustration among the secondary school students in relation to their emotional maturity: A Study. Bhartiyan International Journal of Education and Research, 5(1), 1-10.
Kashyap, V. (1989). Psychological determinants of adolescent problems. NCERT.
Lewandowski, C.A (2003). organizational factors contributing to worker frustration: The precursor to burnout. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 30(4), 175-185.
Liga, F., Ingoglia, S., Cuzzocrea, F., Inguglia, C., Costa, S., Lo Coco, A., & Larcan, R. (2018). The Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale: Construct and Predictive Validity in the Italian Context. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1504053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1504053
Morral, P (1996). Clinical sociology and the frustration of clients. Mental Nursing, 16(3); 24-27.
Ozer, S., & Schwartz, S. J. (2020). Academic motivation, life exploration, and psychological well-being among emerging adults in Denmark. Nordic Psychology, 72(3), 199-221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2019.1675088
Parmenter, J. G., Galliher, R. V., Yaugher, A. C., & Maughan, A. D. (2020). Intersectionality and Identity Configurations: A Qualitative Study Exploring Sexual Identity Development Among Emerging Adults Within the United States. Emerging Adulthood. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696820946597
Perry, D (1977). Reward-induced decreased play effects: Reattribution of motivation, competing responses, or avoding frustration? Child Development, 48(4), 1369-1374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1128495
Powell, R. A., Symbaluk, D. G., & Honey, P. L. (2013). Introduction to learning and behavior. Wadsworth.
Pramanik, B. R. (2016). Reactions to frustration of scheduled tribe secondary school children in the district of Purba Midnapur West Bengal: A survey. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/reaction_to_frustrat ion_of_scheduled_tribe_school_pramanik/bocac8f056@3085bb93c435cf54f61750c4b6d12#paper_header
Rani, R. & Deswal, Y. S. (2015). Relationship of frustration and academic achievement of adolescent of government and non-government senior secondary schools. Bhartitam International Journal of Education and Research. 4(2). http://www.gangainstituteofeducation.com/NewDocs/vol-4/issue-3/6.pdf
Reid, K., Flowers, P. & Larkin, M. (2005). Interpretative phenomenology analysis: An overview and methodological review. The Psychologist, 18, 20-23.
Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologists, 55; 68-78. https://dooi.or/10.10371/0003-006x.55.1.68 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Santurio, J. I. M., Fernández-RÃo, J., Estrada, J. A. C., & González-VÃllora, S. (2020). Connections between bullying victimization and satisfaction/frustration of adolescents' basic psychological needs. Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed.), 25(2), 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psicoe.2019.11.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psicoe.2019.11.002
Sharma, S. (1992). A comparative study of problems of adolescents from the rural and urban backgrounds [M.Ed. Dissertation]. Punjab University, Chandigarh.
Smith, J.A. & Osborn, M. (2008). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In Smith, J.A. (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to methods. Sage
Stevenson, O., & Parsloe, P. (1993). Community care & frustration. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Vansteenkiste, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). On psychological growth and vulnerability: Basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23(3), 263–280. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032359 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032359
Woolmen, J. (2020). "No celebration": Indigenous communities, leaders share Canada day frustration. The University of British Columbia. www.irshdc.ubc.ca/2020/06/
Zimmerman, M. A. & Rappaport, J. (1988). Citizen participation, perceived control, and psychological frustration. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 725-750. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00930023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00930023