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THE PARLIAMENTS OF CANADA AND PAKISTAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHS AND WEAK
Corresponding Author(s) : Mian Muhammad Azhar
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to make a deeper analysis of the parliament of Canada and Pakistan. This research deals with comparing two similar parliamentary systems. The two countries, i.e. Canada and Pakistan were chosen because of their majority electoral system and to a lesser extent, alike political trends. This research analyzed the weaknesses and strengths of both the legislative systems.
Method: Data related to this topic has been collected from secondary sources such as reports, journal articles, and books. This research work is analytical as well as descriptive in nature. Qualitative techniques have been applied to investigate the research questions.
Main Findings: This study acknowledges that the parliamentary form of government is the most representative and most efficient system of government that is running successfully in different countries. Parliament safeguards the political views of the citizens and thus provides them with all possible opportunities for more participation in the government. It creates a cohesive and strong party system. The main finding to be acquired from this study is that one problem that is common to both nations is provincial imbalance. However, overall it can be said that Canada has accommodated its provinces effectively through its responsible government, democratic system, and granting maximum autonomy. Another factor that is a major problem in Pakistan but not so in Canada is the branches of government overstepping their jurisdiction.
Application of the Study: Using the yardstick of the function of legislation and making comparative references with other political systems was very useful in summarizing this research. Whatever weaknesses and criticisms may be discussed the overall fact is that the job done by these parliaments is undoubtedly necessary and useful and it is hoped this study may serve as a guideline for future parliaments to make them more efficient.
The Originality of the Study: This research argues that a parliamentary system is a more desirable and efficient system of government than others. This research explains the differences between both these systems. Both the houses of these parliaments provide separate services that require separate investigation and throw further light on the subject.
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- Abbasi, A. A. (2018). The Parliament of Pakistan an Analytical Research Study of Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges. International Journal of South Economy, 2 (2), 119-143. https://doi.org/10.18576/ijye/020204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18576/ijye/020204
- Adel, G. H., Elmi, M. J., & Taromi-Rad, H. (2012). Muslim Organisations in the Twentieth Century: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam. London: EWI Press, Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam.
- Ahmad, M. T. (2017). National Parliaments: Pakistan. Islamabad: The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center.
- Ahmed, N. (2020). Parliaments in South Asia: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh (illustrated ed.). Chittagong, Bangladesh: Routledge Studies in South Asian Politics. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429465413 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429465413
- Andre Barnes. (2019). The Legislative Process: From Government Policy to Proclamation. Ottawa, Canada: Parliamentary Information and Research Service, Library of Parliament.
- Assembly, P. C. (2016). The Constituent Assembly (Legislature) of Pakistan Debate. Manager of Publications, University of Minnesota.
- Barnes, A. (2012). The legislative process: from government policy to proclamation (Revised ed.). (F. English, Trans.) Ottawa: Library of Parliament, Parliamentary Information and Research Service.
- Bernie, L., & Brownsey, K. (2005). Executive Styles in Canada: Cabinet Structures and Leadership Practices in Canadian Government. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442674707 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442674707
- Bourgault, J., & Dunn, C. (2014). Deputy Ministers in Canada: Comparative and Jurisdictional Perspectives. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442665170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442665170
- Bourinot, J. G. (2008). Parliamentary Procedure and Practice in the Dominion of Canada (reprint ed.). (T. B. Flint, Ed.) The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.
- Burki, S. J. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Pakistan (2, illustrated ed.). (J. Woronoff, Ed.) Minnesota: Scarecrow Press.
- Colebatch, M., & Hoppe, R. (2018). Handbook on Policy, Process and Governing. Australia: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784714871 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784714871
- Commons, H. o. (2017). Guide to the Canadian House of Commons. Ottawa: Library of Parliament.
- Ali,G, & Hussain,E. (2020). Perspectives on Contemporary Pakistan: Governance, Development and Environment (illustrated ed.). UK: Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003007784 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003007784
- Green, H. J. (2017). The Judicial Role in Court Administration in Canada:Striking the Balance Between Judicial Independence and Effective Court Management. Larbador: Oxford University Press.
- Hall, K. L., & McGuire, K. T. (2005). The Judicial Branch (illustrated ed.). Ottawa: Oxford University Press.
- Hashmi, D. R. (2018). Parliamentary Democracy and the Issue of Institutional Jurisdiction in South Asia (The Case of Pakistan). Journal of Political Studies, 25 (2), 133-146 ISSN- (Print)1994-1080 E-ISSN (Online):2308 -8338.
- Heitshusen, V. (2017). The Speaker of the House: House Officer, Party Leader, and Representative. Congressional Research Services.
- Herman, M. B. (2016). Prime Minister and Cabinet in Canada: An Autocracy in Need of Reform? Journal of Canadian Studies, 35 (4), 60-79. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcs.35.4.60 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/jcs.35.4.60
- Huntington, S. P. (2012). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. Norman. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
- James, P., & Kasoff, M. J. (2008). Canadian Studies in the New Millennium (illustrated ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Johnston, L. W. (2012). Politics (Canadian Edition): An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State (4th ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Khalid, M. T. (2018). PARLIAMENT a symbol of protecting the rights and will of the People. Pakistan Institute for Parliamentary Services, 5 (06), 21-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a051513 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a051513
- Kokhar, N. I. (2017). Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan: Musharraf's Era (1999-2003). Islamabad: National Defence University Islamabad.
- Koop, R., Bastedo, H., & Blidook, K. (2018). Representation in Action: Canadian MPs in the Constituencies. UBC Press.
- Lauise, A. (2013). Parliament's Role in Pakistan's Democratic Transition. Asia Report, 249. New York: International Crisis Group Working to Prevent Conflict Worldwide.
- Loughlin, J., Kincaid, J., & Swenden, W. (2013). Routledge Handbook of Regionalism & Federalism. Ottawa: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203395974 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203395974
- Hussain, M. (2013). Institutional Influence in Pakistan: Bureaucracy, Cabinet and Parliament. Asian Social Science, 9 (7), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n7p173 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n7p173
- Mahboob, H. U. (2020). The Parliament of Pakistan: a History of Institution-Building and (un)Democratic Practices, 1971-1977. UK: Oxford University Press.
- Mahler, G. S. (2012). New Dimensions of Canadian Federalism: Canada in a Comparative Perspective (1st ed.). Alberta: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press.
- Malcolmson, P. (2012). The Canadian Regime. (R. Myers, Ed.) Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
- Mancuso, M., Price, R. G., Wagenberg, R. H., Wagenberg, R., & Price, R. X. (2006). Leaders and Leadership in Canada (illustrated ed.). Ottawa: Oxford University Press, The University of Michigan.
- Newman, S. L. (2012). Constitutional Politics in Canada and the United States. USA: SUNY Press.
- Oldenburg, P. (2011). India, Pakistan, and Democracy. Hong Kong: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203847152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203847152
- Palonen, M. (2016). The Politics of Parliamentary Procedure: The Formation of the Westminster Procedure as a Parliamentary Ideal Type (2 ed.). Berlin, Toronto: Barbara Budrich. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvdf02wr DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvdf02wr
- PIPS. (2014). National Assembly of Pakistan. Islamabad: National Assembly Secretariat.
- Rodger, E. (2013). How Does the Canadian Government Work? London: Crabtree Publishing Company.
- Schoburgh, E. R. (2016). Handbook of Research on Sub-National Governance and Development. Australia: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1645-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1645-3
- Smith, G., Hincks, S. F., & Blachford, F. R. (2017). The Political Destiny of Canada. California: Willing & Williamson, The University of California.
- Sultana, T. (2017). Montesquieu’s Doctrine of Separation of Powers:A Case Study of Pakistan. Journal of European Studies , 2 (2), 55-77. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv173f229.7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv173f229.7
- Tidridge, N. (2011). Canada's Constitutional Monarchy (illustrated ed.). London: Dundurn.
- Todd, A., & Horatio, A. (2015). Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies (2nd ed.). (A. H. Todd, Ed.) Toronto: Longmans, Green, and Company.
- Tushnet, M., & Khosla, M. (2015). Unstable Constitutionalism (illustrated ed.). New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107706446 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107706446
- White, W. L., Nelson, R. C., & Wagenberg, R. H. (2011). Introduction to Canadian Politics and Government (7th ed.). Ottawa: Harcourt Brace Canada, Northwestern University.
- White, W. L., Wagenberg, R. H., & Nelson, R. C. (2011). Introduction to Canadian Politics and Government (5th ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada.
- Whittington, M. S., & Loon, R. J. (2011). Canadian Government and Politics: Institutions and Processes (5th, illustrated ed.). McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, Pennsylvania State University.
- Zaka, M. R. (2018). Discover the Parliament of Pakistan. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute for Parliamentary Services.
References
Abbasi, A. A. (2018). The Parliament of Pakistan an Analytical Research Study of Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges. International Journal of South Economy, 2 (2), 119-143. https://doi.org/10.18576/ijye/020204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18576/ijye/020204
Adel, G. H., Elmi, M. J., & Taromi-Rad, H. (2012). Muslim Organisations in the Twentieth Century: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam. London: EWI Press, Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam.
Ahmad, M. T. (2017). National Parliaments: Pakistan. Islamabad: The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center.
Ahmed, N. (2020). Parliaments in South Asia: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh (illustrated ed.). Chittagong, Bangladesh: Routledge Studies in South Asian Politics. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429465413 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429465413
Andre Barnes. (2019). The Legislative Process: From Government Policy to Proclamation. Ottawa, Canada: Parliamentary Information and Research Service, Library of Parliament.
Assembly, P. C. (2016). The Constituent Assembly (Legislature) of Pakistan Debate. Manager of Publications, University of Minnesota.
Barnes, A. (2012). The legislative process: from government policy to proclamation (Revised ed.). (F. English, Trans.) Ottawa: Library of Parliament, Parliamentary Information and Research Service.
Bernie, L., & Brownsey, K. (2005). Executive Styles in Canada: Cabinet Structures and Leadership Practices in Canadian Government. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442674707 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442674707
Bourgault, J., & Dunn, C. (2014). Deputy Ministers in Canada: Comparative and Jurisdictional Perspectives. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442665170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442665170
Bourinot, J. G. (2008). Parliamentary Procedure and Practice in the Dominion of Canada (reprint ed.). (T. B. Flint, Ed.) The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.
Burki, S. J. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Pakistan (2, illustrated ed.). (J. Woronoff, Ed.) Minnesota: Scarecrow Press.
Colebatch, M., & Hoppe, R. (2018). Handbook on Policy, Process and Governing. Australia: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784714871 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784714871
Commons, H. o. (2017). Guide to the Canadian House of Commons. Ottawa: Library of Parliament.
Ali,G, & Hussain,E. (2020). Perspectives on Contemporary Pakistan: Governance, Development and Environment (illustrated ed.). UK: Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003007784 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003007784
Green, H. J. (2017). The Judicial Role in Court Administration in Canada:Striking the Balance Between Judicial Independence and Effective Court Management. Larbador: Oxford University Press.
Hall, K. L., & McGuire, K. T. (2005). The Judicial Branch (illustrated ed.). Ottawa: Oxford University Press.
Hashmi, D. R. (2018). Parliamentary Democracy and the Issue of Institutional Jurisdiction in South Asia (The Case of Pakistan). Journal of Political Studies, 25 (2), 133-146 ISSN- (Print)1994-1080 E-ISSN (Online):2308 -8338.
Heitshusen, V. (2017). The Speaker of the House: House Officer, Party Leader, and Representative. Congressional Research Services.
Herman, M. B. (2016). Prime Minister and Cabinet in Canada: An Autocracy in Need of Reform? Journal of Canadian Studies, 35 (4), 60-79. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcs.35.4.60 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/jcs.35.4.60
Huntington, S. P. (2012). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. Norman. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
James, P., & Kasoff, M. J. (2008). Canadian Studies in the New Millennium (illustrated ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Johnston, L. W. (2012). Politics (Canadian Edition): An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State (4th ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Khalid, M. T. (2018). PARLIAMENT a symbol of protecting the rights and will of the People. Pakistan Institute for Parliamentary Services, 5 (06), 21-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a051513 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a051513
Kokhar, N. I. (2017). Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan: Musharraf's Era (1999-2003). Islamabad: National Defence University Islamabad.
Koop, R., Bastedo, H., & Blidook, K. (2018). Representation in Action: Canadian MPs in the Constituencies. UBC Press.
Lauise, A. (2013). Parliament's Role in Pakistan's Democratic Transition. Asia Report, 249. New York: International Crisis Group Working to Prevent Conflict Worldwide.
Loughlin, J., Kincaid, J., & Swenden, W. (2013). Routledge Handbook of Regionalism & Federalism. Ottawa: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203395974 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203395974
Hussain, M. (2013). Institutional Influence in Pakistan: Bureaucracy, Cabinet and Parliament. Asian Social Science, 9 (7), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n7p173 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n7p173
Mahboob, H. U. (2020). The Parliament of Pakistan: a History of Institution-Building and (un)Democratic Practices, 1971-1977. UK: Oxford University Press.
Mahler, G. S. (2012). New Dimensions of Canadian Federalism: Canada in a Comparative Perspective (1st ed.). Alberta: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press.
Malcolmson, P. (2012). The Canadian Regime. (R. Myers, Ed.) Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
Mancuso, M., Price, R. G., Wagenberg, R. H., Wagenberg, R., & Price, R. X. (2006). Leaders and Leadership in Canada (illustrated ed.). Ottawa: Oxford University Press, The University of Michigan.
Newman, S. L. (2012). Constitutional Politics in Canada and the United States. USA: SUNY Press.
Oldenburg, P. (2011). India, Pakistan, and Democracy. Hong Kong: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203847152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203847152
Palonen, M. (2016). The Politics of Parliamentary Procedure: The Formation of the Westminster Procedure as a Parliamentary Ideal Type (2 ed.). Berlin, Toronto: Barbara Budrich. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvdf02wr DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvdf02wr
PIPS. (2014). National Assembly of Pakistan. Islamabad: National Assembly Secretariat.
Rodger, E. (2013). How Does the Canadian Government Work? London: Crabtree Publishing Company.
Schoburgh, E. R. (2016). Handbook of Research on Sub-National Governance and Development. Australia: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1645-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1645-3
Smith, G., Hincks, S. F., & Blachford, F. R. (2017). The Political Destiny of Canada. California: Willing & Williamson, The University of California.
Sultana, T. (2017). Montesquieu’s Doctrine of Separation of Powers:A Case Study of Pakistan. Journal of European Studies , 2 (2), 55-77. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv173f229.7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv173f229.7
Tidridge, N. (2011). Canada's Constitutional Monarchy (illustrated ed.). London: Dundurn.
Todd, A., & Horatio, A. (2015). Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies (2nd ed.). (A. H. Todd, Ed.) Toronto: Longmans, Green, and Company.
Tushnet, M., & Khosla, M. (2015). Unstable Constitutionalism (illustrated ed.). New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107706446 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107706446
White, W. L., Nelson, R. C., & Wagenberg, R. H. (2011). Introduction to Canadian Politics and Government (7th ed.). Ottawa: Harcourt Brace Canada, Northwestern University.
White, W. L., Wagenberg, R. H., & Nelson, R. C. (2011). Introduction to Canadian Politics and Government (5th ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada.
Whittington, M. S., & Loon, R. J. (2011). Canadian Government and Politics: Institutions and Processes (5th, illustrated ed.). McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, Pennsylvania State University.
Zaka, M. R. (2018). Discover the Parliament of Pakistan. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute for Parliamentary Services.