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AN ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL DIVERSITY OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
Corresponding Author(s) : Hafeez ur Rehman
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study intends to demonstrate the importance of sub-provincial variation in women empowerment in Punjab, Pakistan.
Methodology: The study used the Cumulative Women Empowerment Index (CWEMI) for three regions of Punjab Pakistan, using primary data of 950 respondents. The data is obtained through multistage stratified cluster sampling techniques from Upper, Central, and Southern Punjab based on the prevalence of female literacy rate. The statistical technique namely Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been used to make the comparison on a regional and dimensional basis.
Main Findings: The result of the study shows that there exits substantial sub-provincial variation in upper, central, and southern Punjab regarding different domains of women empowerment.
Applications of this study: This study identifies the regional diversity in women empowerment in Punjab, Pakistan. The results of the study provide guidelines to the policymakers in formulating appropriate policies for eliminating diversity in women empowerment in different regions of Punjab, Pakistan.
Novelty/Originality of this Study: Improvement in women empowerment is regarded as an essential human right and sustainable development goals that needs appropriate monitoring. The majority of previous studies have tried to measure women's empowerment through developing several indices but these indices appear insufficient to meet the international standards. The present study is an attempt to track multiple domains of women empowerment through CWEMI. The results of the study may bring up a status of women empowerment across different regions of Punjab, Pakistan.
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- Acharya, D. R., Bell, J. S., Simkhada, P., Van Teijlingen, E. R., & Regmi, P. R. (2010). Women's autonomy in household decision-making: a demographic study in Nepal. Reproductive health, 7(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10. 1186/1742-4755-7-15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-7-15
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- Beşpınar, F. U. (2010, November). Questioning agency and empowerment: Women's work-related strategies and social class in urban Turkey. In Women's studies international forum (Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 523-532). Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2010.09.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2010.09.003
- Beteta, H. C. (2006). What is missing in measures of women's empowerment? Journal of human development, 7(2), 221-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600768553 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600768553
- Burroway, R. (2015). Women's rights save lives: a cross-national analysis of infant and child mortality and Women's access to land, property, and loans in developing countries. Sociology of Development, 1(4), 418-441. https://doi.org/10.1525/sod.2015.1.4.418 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/sod.2015.1.4.418
- Fuchs, R., Pamuk, E., & Lutz, W. (2010). Education or wealth: which matters more for reducing child mortality in developing countries? Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 175-199. https://doi.org/10.1553/populat ionyearbook2010s175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2010s175
- Ewerling, F., Lynch, J. W., Victora, C. G., van Eerdewijk, A., Tyszler, M., & Barros, A. J. (2017). The SWPER index for women's empowerment in Africa: Development and validation of an index based on survey data. The Lancet Global Health, 5(9), e916-e923. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30292-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30292-9
- Gates, M. F. (2014). Putting women and girls at the center of development. Science, 345(6202), 1273-1275. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258882
- Gaye, A., Klugman, J., Kovacevic, M., Twigg, S., & Zambrano, E. (2010). Measuring key disparities in human development: The gender inequality index. Human development research paper, 46, 1-37.
- Gifi, A. (1990). Nonlinear multivariate analysis. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Golla, A. M., Malhotra, A., Nanda, P., & Mehra, R. (2011). Understanding and Measuring Women’s Economic Empowerment: Definition. Framework and Indicators. Washington, DC.
- Haque, M., Islam, T. M., Tareque, M. I., & Mostofa, M. (2011). Women empowerment or autonomy: A comparative view in Bangladesh context. Bangladesh e-journal of Sociology, 8(2), 17-30.
- Hirway, I., & Mahadevia, D. (1996). Critique of Gender Development Index: Towards an Alternative Economic and Political Weekly, 31(43), WS87-WS96.
- Irfan, M. S., Gill, Y. Q., Ullah, S., Naeem, M. T., Saeed, F., & Hashmi, M. (2019). Polyaniline-NBR blends by in situ polymerization: application as stretchable strain sensors. Smart Materials and Structures, 28(9), 095024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ab1df3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ab1df3
- Jejeebhoy, S.J., & Sathar, S.J. (2004). Women's autonomy in India and Pakistan: The influence of religion and region. Population and Development Review, 27(4), 687-712 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2001.00687.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2001.00687.x
- Kamanou, G., Ward, M., & Havinga, I. (2005). Statistical issues in measuring poverty from non-survey sources. Draft of Chapter 5 of Handbook of Poverty Statistics: Concepts, Methods and Policy Use. United Nations Statistics Division.
- Khan, T. M., & Maan, A.A. (2008). Socio-cultural milieu of women’s empowerment in district Faisalabad. Pak. Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 45(3), 78-90. follow APA
- Khalid, M. W., Samargandi, N., Shah, A. H., & Almandeel, S. (2020). Socio-Economic Factors and Women’s Empowerment: Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan. International Economic Journal, 34(1), 144-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2019.1677742 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2019.1677742
- Klasen, S. (2006). UNDP's genderâ€related measures: Some conceptual problems and possible solutions. Journal of Human Development, 7(2), 243-274. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600768595 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600768595
- Madni, G., & Shahzad, K. (2021). Evaluating the Spectacle of Social Exclusion in Pakistan. Empirical Economic Review, Forthcoming. Retrieved from https://ojs.umt.edu.pk/index.php/eer/article/view/296 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29145/eer/41/02
- Mbeiza, L. (2018). The Effect of Micro-Credit on Women Empowerment in Uganda: The Case of BRAC. MS Economic Policy and Planning Thesis at Makerere University College of Business and Management Sciences, Uganda follow APA
- Noureen, I., Zubair, M., Bhatti, A. A., & Abbas, G. (2015). Shear-free condition and dynamical instability in f (R, T) gravity. The European Physical Journal C, 75(7), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3547-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3547-x
- Parveen, S., & Leonhäuser, I. U. (2005). Empowerment of rural women in Bangladesh: A household level analysis, Margraf. https://www.tropentag.de2004/abstracts/full/382.pdf
- Papakonstantinou, V. (2019). 2019 World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, Davos, Switzerland: Report on infrastructure sessions. Journal of Mega Infrastructure & Sustainable Development, 1(1), 104-107.
- Psacharopoulos, G. (1994) Returns to investment in education: a global update. World Development, 22, 1325–1343 https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(94)90007-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(94)90007-8
- Sen, G., & Mukherjee, A. (2014). No empowerment without rights, no rights without politics: Gender-equality, MDGs and the post-2015 development agenda. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 15(2-3), 188-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2014.884057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2014.884057
- Sridevi, T. O. (2005). Empowerment of Women-A systematic analysis. India Development Foundation IDF Discussion Paper.
- Siwal, B. R. (2009). Gender framework analysis of empowerment of women: A case study of Kudumbashree programme. National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development New Dehli India. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1334478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1334478
- Tahir, T., & Majeed, M. (2021). An Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between International Trade and Quality of Life. Empirical Economic Review, Forthcoming. https://ojs.umt.edu.pk/index.php/eer/ article/view/799 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29145/eer/41/01
- Women, U. N. (2016). Our mission. UN Women. http://also-chicago.org/also_site/wp-content/uploads/2016/ 04/Impact-of-VAWA-Grantee-Data-PPT.pdf
References
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Alkire, S., Meinzen-Dick, R., Peterman, A., Quisumbing, A., Seymour, G., & Vaz, A. (2013). The women’s empowerment in agriculture index. World development, 52, 71-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.201 3.06.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.06.007
Allendorf, K. (2007). Do women’s land rights promote empowerment and child health in Nepal? World development, 35(11), 1975-1988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.12.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.12.005
Beşpınar, F. U. (2010, November). Questioning agency and empowerment: Women's work-related strategies and social class in urban Turkey. In Women's studies international forum (Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 523-532). Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2010.09.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2010.09.003
Beteta, H. C. (2006). What is missing in measures of women's empowerment? Journal of human development, 7(2), 221-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600768553 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600768553
Burroway, R. (2015). Women's rights save lives: a cross-national analysis of infant and child mortality and Women's access to land, property, and loans in developing countries. Sociology of Development, 1(4), 418-441. https://doi.org/10.1525/sod.2015.1.4.418 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/sod.2015.1.4.418
Fuchs, R., Pamuk, E., & Lutz, W. (2010). Education or wealth: which matters more for reducing child mortality in developing countries? Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 175-199. https://doi.org/10.1553/populat ionyearbook2010s175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2010s175
Ewerling, F., Lynch, J. W., Victora, C. G., van Eerdewijk, A., Tyszler, M., & Barros, A. J. (2017). The SWPER index for women's empowerment in Africa: Development and validation of an index based on survey data. The Lancet Global Health, 5(9), e916-e923. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30292-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30292-9
Gates, M. F. (2014). Putting women and girls at the center of development. Science, 345(6202), 1273-1275. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258882
Gaye, A., Klugman, J., Kovacevic, M., Twigg, S., & Zambrano, E. (2010). Measuring key disparities in human development: The gender inequality index. Human development research paper, 46, 1-37.
Gifi, A. (1990). Nonlinear multivariate analysis. Wiley-Blackwell.
Golla, A. M., Malhotra, A., Nanda, P., & Mehra, R. (2011). Understanding and Measuring Women’s Economic Empowerment: Definition. Framework and Indicators. Washington, DC.
Haque, M., Islam, T. M., Tareque, M. I., & Mostofa, M. (2011). Women empowerment or autonomy: A comparative view in Bangladesh context. Bangladesh e-journal of Sociology, 8(2), 17-30.
Hirway, I., & Mahadevia, D. (1996). Critique of Gender Development Index: Towards an Alternative Economic and Political Weekly, 31(43), WS87-WS96.
Irfan, M. S., Gill, Y. Q., Ullah, S., Naeem, M. T., Saeed, F., & Hashmi, M. (2019). Polyaniline-NBR blends by in situ polymerization: application as stretchable strain sensors. Smart Materials and Structures, 28(9), 095024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ab1df3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ab1df3
Jejeebhoy, S.J., & Sathar, S.J. (2004). Women's autonomy in India and Pakistan: The influence of religion and region. Population and Development Review, 27(4), 687-712 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2001.00687.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2001.00687.x
Kamanou, G., Ward, M., & Havinga, I. (2005). Statistical issues in measuring poverty from non-survey sources. Draft of Chapter 5 of Handbook of Poverty Statistics: Concepts, Methods and Policy Use. United Nations Statistics Division.
Khan, T. M., & Maan, A.A. (2008). Socio-cultural milieu of women’s empowerment in district Faisalabad. Pak. Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 45(3), 78-90. follow APA
Khalid, M. W., Samargandi, N., Shah, A. H., & Almandeel, S. (2020). Socio-Economic Factors and Women’s Empowerment: Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan. International Economic Journal, 34(1), 144-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2019.1677742 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2019.1677742
Klasen, S. (2006). UNDP's genderâ€related measures: Some conceptual problems and possible solutions. Journal of Human Development, 7(2), 243-274. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600768595 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600768595
Madni, G., & Shahzad, K. (2021). Evaluating the Spectacle of Social Exclusion in Pakistan. Empirical Economic Review, Forthcoming. Retrieved from https://ojs.umt.edu.pk/index.php/eer/article/view/296 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29145/eer/41/02
Mbeiza, L. (2018). The Effect of Micro-Credit on Women Empowerment in Uganda: The Case of BRAC. MS Economic Policy and Planning Thesis at Makerere University College of Business and Management Sciences, Uganda follow APA
Noureen, I., Zubair, M., Bhatti, A. A., & Abbas, G. (2015). Shear-free condition and dynamical instability in f (R, T) gravity. The European Physical Journal C, 75(7), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3547-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3547-x
Parveen, S., & Leonhäuser, I. U. (2005). Empowerment of rural women in Bangladesh: A household level analysis, Margraf. https://www.tropentag.de2004/abstracts/full/382.pdf
Papakonstantinou, V. (2019). 2019 World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, Davos, Switzerland: Report on infrastructure sessions. Journal of Mega Infrastructure & Sustainable Development, 1(1), 104-107.
Psacharopoulos, G. (1994) Returns to investment in education: a global update. World Development, 22, 1325–1343 https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(94)90007-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(94)90007-8
Sen, G., & Mukherjee, A. (2014). No empowerment without rights, no rights without politics: Gender-equality, MDGs and the post-2015 development agenda. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 15(2-3), 188-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2014.884057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2014.884057
Sridevi, T. O. (2005). Empowerment of Women-A systematic analysis. India Development Foundation IDF Discussion Paper.
Siwal, B. R. (2009). Gender framework analysis of empowerment of women: A case study of Kudumbashree programme. National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development New Dehli India. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1334478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1334478
Tahir, T., & Majeed, M. (2021). An Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between International Trade and Quality of Life. Empirical Economic Review, Forthcoming. https://ojs.umt.edu.pk/index.php/eer/ article/view/799 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29145/eer/41/01
Women, U. N. (2016). Our mission. UN Women. http://also-chicago.org/also_site/wp-content/uploads/2016/ 04/Impact-of-VAWA-Grantee-Data-PPT.pdf