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IMRAN KHAN’S EFFECTIVE SPEECHES CONCERNING COVID-19 FUNDRAISING: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Corresponding Author(s) : Fareha Zafran
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose: The primary purpose of the present study is to analyze the speeches of PM Imran, which he delivered to persuade the economic organizations and masses for fundraising on the first and 4th April, respectively.
Method: The research is qualitative and analytical. The primary data was collected from the speeches and telethons on two well-known news channels of Pakistan. Theoretical/secondary data have been collected from various online sources. The data were analyzed employing Fairclough’s 3D model—Textual, at the first step, processing, at the second step, and finally the social implication(s).
Main Findings: The textual analysis suggests that the Prime Minister deliberately focuses on the lower class—‘people’ of Pakistan. Therefore, he persuaded the local individuals and the international organizations; more, he also conquered the minds of Pakistani ex-pats living in foreign and convinced them to send aids and foreign remittances. These speeches also immediately affected and motivated the local non-profit services organizations and masses to help others throughout the pandemic. Hence, the public figure (celebrities or characters) also promoted the idea of Prime Minister).
Application of the Study: The study suggests the techniques for the speakers how they would manage to make balanced speeches under challenging times. Various linguistic techniques are employed and tested adopting from the other researchers, which may also be helpful for future researchers. Hence, general social individuals would also find the cultural referents for the economic fundraising techniques utilizing the linguistic technique; for instance, Imran Khan successfully employed these to collect the funds for hospitals, universities, and the state.
The Originality of the Study: According to the researchers' best knowledge, the study is innovative as no such type of study was conducted in the context, i.e., the context speeches relevant to fundraising. This research argues that a parliamentary system is a more desirable and efficient system of government than others. This research explains the differences between both these systems. Both the houses of these parliaments provide different services that require separate investigation and throw further light on the subject.
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- Aazam, F., Baig, F. Z., Baig, T., Khaliq, S., Azam, A., Shamshad, S., & Aslam, M. Z. (2019). A Critical Discourse Analysis of ‘Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House’ by Michael Wolff. International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(4), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p192
- Abdelaal, N. M., Alisood, A. M., & Sase, A. S. (2015). Investigating Obama’s Ideology in his Speech on Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL). Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 2(7), 228-246.
- Akhtar, S., Baig, F. Z., Aslam, M. Z., Khan, T., Tayyaba, S., & Iqbal, Z. (2020). Code-Switching and Identity: A Sociolinguistic Study of Hanif’s Novel Our Lady of Alice Bhatti. International Journal of English Linguistics, 10(1), 364–371. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p364 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p364
- Amoussou, F., & Allagbe, A. A. (2018). Principles, theories and approaches to critical discourse analysis. International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature, 6(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10. 20431/2347-3134.0601002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20431/2347-3134.0601002
- Anwar, M. N., Ullah, R., Ahmad, N., & Ali, M. (2015). Critical discourse analysis of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s (11th August 1947) speech in the first constituent assembly of Pakistan. A Journal of South Asian Studies, 30(1), 159-173.
- Aziz, S., Shaheen, U., Fazli, S. K., & Ahmad, M. M. (2021). Political Rhetoric Justifying Emergency: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Musharraf’s Speech. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 18(4), 4035-4062.
- Batstone, R. (1995). Grammar in discourse: attitude and deniability. In G. Cook and B. Seidlhofer (eds): Principle and Practice in Applied Linguistics (pp. 197-213). Oxford University Press. follow APA
- Baig, F. Z., Umer, S., Aslam, M. Z., Razaq, M. S., Khan, S. & Ahmad, Ahmed, T. (2020). Humor as Monotony Breaker in Funny Ads: A Multi-Modal Discourse Analysis of Ads of Pakistani Ufone & Jazz Cellular Companies. International Journal of English Linguistics, 10(1), 69-80. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p69 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p69
- Baig, F. Z., Yousaf, W., Aazam, F., Shamshad, S., Fida, I & Aslam, M. Z. (2019). Power, Ideology and Identity in Digital Literacy: A Sociolinguistic Study. International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(2). p. 252-264. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p252
- Baig, F. Z., Aslam, M. Z., Yaseen, T. Ahmad, H. S., Murtaza, M. & Abbas, M. J. (2020). Practicing Language Therapy for Effective Simultaneous Bilingualism: Case Studies. International Journal of English Linguistics, 10(1), 230-240. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p230
- Baynham, M., & De Fina, A. (Eds.). (2005). Dislocations/relocations: Narratives of displacement. Manchester: St. Jerome.
- Bhatia, A. (2006). Critical discourse analysis of political press conferences. Discourse & Society, 17(2), 173-203. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506058057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506058057
- Cameron, D. (2007). The teacher's guide to grammar. Oxford University Press, USA.
- Chilton, P. A. (2004). Analysing political discourse: Theory and practice. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203561218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203561218
- Chilton, P., & Schäffner, C. (1997). Discourse and politics. Discourse as Social Interaction, 2, 206-230.
- Contemori, C., Asiri, O., & Irigoyen, E. D. P. (2019). Anaphora resolution in L2 English: an analysis of discourse complexity and cross-linguistic interference. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 41(5), 971-998. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263119000111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263119000111
- Dunmire, P. L. (2012), Political Discourse Analysis: Exploring the Language of Politics and the Politics of Language. Language and Linguistics Compass, 6, 735-751. https://doi.org/10.1002/lnc3.365 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/lnc3.365
- Fairclough, I, & Fairclough, N. (2012). Political discourse analysis. A method for advanced students. Londres: New York. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203137888 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203137888
- Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Fairclough, N. (1993). Critical discourse analysis and the marketization of public discourse: The universities. Discourse & Society, 4(2), 133-168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004002002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004002002
- Fairclough, N. (1999). Linguistic and intertextual analysis within discourse analysis. I: Jaworski, A. & Coupland, N.(ed.): The discourse reader. London and New York.
- Fairclough, N. (2001). Language and power. Pearson Education.
- Fandos, N., & Shear, M. (2020). Trump impeached for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. New York Times.
- Fischer, F., & Gottweis, H. (eds.). (2012). The argumentative turn revisited: Public policy as communicative practice. Durham, NC; Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822395362 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822395362
- Flowerdew, J., & Richardson, J. E. (Eds.). (2017). The Routledge handbook of critical discourse studies. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315739342 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315739342
- Højholt, C., & Larsen, M. R. (2019, August). Situated Inequality and Politics of Everyday Life. In 18th Conference of the International Society for Theoretical Psychology: Measured Lives-Theoretical Psychology in an Era of Acceleration: Measured Lives-Theoretical Psychology in an Era of Acceleration.
- Iqbal, Z., Aslam, M. Z., Aslam, T., Ashraf, R., Kashif, M. & Nasir, H. (2020). Persuasive Power Concerning COVID-19 Employed by Premier Imran Khan: A Socio-Political Discourse Analysis. Register Journal, 13(1), 208-230. https://doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v13i1.208-230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v13i1.208-230
- Jäger, S., Maier, F., Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (2009). Methods of critical discourse analysis. London: SAGE.
- Keller, R. (2020). Narrative, discourse, and sociology of knowledge: applying the Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse (SKAD) for analyzing (counter-) narratives. In Routledge Handbook of Counter-Narratives (pp. 98-109). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429279713-10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429279713-10
- Alba-Juez, L. (2016). Discourse Analysis and Pragmatics: Their scope and relation. Russian Journal of Linguistics, 20(4), 43-55. https://doi.org/10.22363/2312-9182-2016-20-4-43-55 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22363/2312-9182-2016-20-4-43-55
- Ledin, P., & Machin, D. (2017). Multi-modal critical discourse analysis. In The Routledge handbook of critical discourse studies (pp. 60-76). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315739342-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315739342-5
- Luke, A. (1997). Theory and practice in critical discourse analysis. International Encyclopedia of the Sociology of Education, 8, 50-57.
- Maner, J. K. (2017). Dominance and prestige: A tale of two hierarchies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(6), 526-531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417714323 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417714323
- Naz, S., Alvi, S. D., & Baseer, A. (2012). Political language of Benazir Bhutto: A transitivity analysis of her speech ‘democratization in Pakistan.’. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(8), 125-141.
- Raza, M. R., Qayyoum, H., & Sadiq, T. (2021). A Speech Act Analysis of the Speech of Nawaz Sharif Ex-Prime Minister of Pakistan. Multicultural Education, 7(3), 259-266.
- Reisigl, M., & Wodak, R. (2016). The discourse-historical approach (DHA). Methods of Critical Discourse Studies, 3, 23-61.
- Rusu, D. (2019). The Impact of Computer-Related Terms on Verbal and Written Communication. Acta Technica Napocensis-Languages for Specific Purposes, 19(2), 82-90.
- Shafiq, M., Sultana, R., & Munir, M. (2017). Political Rhetoric; Slogan Politics in Pakistan and Role of Parliament. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 11(2), 26-38.
- Shahzadi, S. (2018). Critical Discourse Analysis of Tahir-ul-Qadri and Imran Khan’s Dharna 2014 Speeches: A Comparative Analysis (Doctoral dissertation), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus.
- Sibtain, M., Aslam, M. Z., ZIA-UR-REHMAN & Qasim, H. M. (2020). A Study Of Rhetorical Element And Political Persuasion In Trump's Speech At UNGA 74th Session: A Political Discourse Analysis. Hamdard Islamicus, 43(1), 472-486.
- Saeed, U., Aslam, M. Z., Khan, A., Khan, M., Atiq, M. & Bhatti, H. (2020). Rhetorical and Persuasive Strategies Employed by Imran Khan in his Victory Speech: A Socio-Political Discourse Analysis. International Journal of English Linguistics 10(2), 349-356. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n2p349 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n2p349
- Talib, N., & Fitzgerald, R. (2018). Putting Philosophy Back to Work in Critical Discourse Analysis. Critical Discourse Studies, 15(2), 123-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2017.1421242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2017.1421242
- Turdiyeva, Y. (2018). Types of discourse in linguistics. ВопроÑÑ‹ науки и образованиÑ, 8, 138-139.
- van Dijk, T. A. (1997). What is political discourse analysis? Belgian Journal of Linguistics, 11(1), 11-52. https://doi.org/10.1075/bjl.11.03dij DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/bjl.11.03dij
- van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: A multidisciplinary approach. Sage.
- Vulchanova, M., Vulchanov, V., Fritz, I. and Milburn, E. A. (2019). Language and perception: Introduction to the Special Issue “Speakers and Listeners in the Visual Worldâ€. Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science, 3, 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41809-019-00047-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41809-019-00047-z
References
Aazam, F., Baig, F. Z., Baig, T., Khaliq, S., Azam, A., Shamshad, S., & Aslam, M. Z. (2019). A Critical Discourse Analysis of ‘Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House’ by Michael Wolff. International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(4), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p192
Abdelaal, N. M., Alisood, A. M., & Sase, A. S. (2015). Investigating Obama’s Ideology in his Speech on Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL). Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 2(7), 228-246.
Akhtar, S., Baig, F. Z., Aslam, M. Z., Khan, T., Tayyaba, S., & Iqbal, Z. (2020). Code-Switching and Identity: A Sociolinguistic Study of Hanif’s Novel Our Lady of Alice Bhatti. International Journal of English Linguistics, 10(1), 364–371. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p364 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p364
Amoussou, F., & Allagbe, A. A. (2018). Principles, theories and approaches to critical discourse analysis. International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature, 6(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10. 20431/2347-3134.0601002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20431/2347-3134.0601002
Anwar, M. N., Ullah, R., Ahmad, N., & Ali, M. (2015). Critical discourse analysis of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s (11th August 1947) speech in the first constituent assembly of Pakistan. A Journal of South Asian Studies, 30(1), 159-173.
Aziz, S., Shaheen, U., Fazli, S. K., & Ahmad, M. M. (2021). Political Rhetoric Justifying Emergency: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Musharraf’s Speech. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 18(4), 4035-4062.
Batstone, R. (1995). Grammar in discourse: attitude and deniability. In G. Cook and B. Seidlhofer (eds): Principle and Practice in Applied Linguistics (pp. 197-213). Oxford University Press. follow APA
Baig, F. Z., Umer, S., Aslam, M. Z., Razaq, M. S., Khan, S. & Ahmad, Ahmed, T. (2020). Humor as Monotony Breaker in Funny Ads: A Multi-Modal Discourse Analysis of Ads of Pakistani Ufone & Jazz Cellular Companies. International Journal of English Linguistics, 10(1), 69-80. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p69 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p69
Baig, F. Z., Yousaf, W., Aazam, F., Shamshad, S., Fida, I & Aslam, M. Z. (2019). Power, Ideology and Identity in Digital Literacy: A Sociolinguistic Study. International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(2). p. 252-264. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p252
Baig, F. Z., Aslam, M. Z., Yaseen, T. Ahmad, H. S., Murtaza, M. & Abbas, M. J. (2020). Practicing Language Therapy for Effective Simultaneous Bilingualism: Case Studies. International Journal of English Linguistics, 10(1), 230-240. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p230
Baynham, M., & De Fina, A. (Eds.). (2005). Dislocations/relocations: Narratives of displacement. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Bhatia, A. (2006). Critical discourse analysis of political press conferences. Discourse & Society, 17(2), 173-203. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506058057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506058057
Cameron, D. (2007). The teacher's guide to grammar. Oxford University Press, USA.
Chilton, P. A. (2004). Analysing political discourse: Theory and practice. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203561218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203561218
Chilton, P., & Schäffner, C. (1997). Discourse and politics. Discourse as Social Interaction, 2, 206-230.
Contemori, C., Asiri, O., & Irigoyen, E. D. P. (2019). Anaphora resolution in L2 English: an analysis of discourse complexity and cross-linguistic interference. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 41(5), 971-998. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263119000111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263119000111
Dunmire, P. L. (2012), Political Discourse Analysis: Exploring the Language of Politics and the Politics of Language. Language and Linguistics Compass, 6, 735-751. https://doi.org/10.1002/lnc3.365 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/lnc3.365
Fairclough, I, & Fairclough, N. (2012). Political discourse analysis. A method for advanced students. Londres: New York. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203137888 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203137888
Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Fairclough, N. (1993). Critical discourse analysis and the marketization of public discourse: The universities. Discourse & Society, 4(2), 133-168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004002002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004002002
Fairclough, N. (1999). Linguistic and intertextual analysis within discourse analysis. I: Jaworski, A. & Coupland, N.(ed.): The discourse reader. London and New York.
Fairclough, N. (2001). Language and power. Pearson Education.
Fandos, N., & Shear, M. (2020). Trump impeached for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. New York Times.
Fischer, F., & Gottweis, H. (eds.). (2012). The argumentative turn revisited: Public policy as communicative practice. Durham, NC; Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822395362 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822395362
Flowerdew, J., & Richardson, J. E. (Eds.). (2017). The Routledge handbook of critical discourse studies. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315739342 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315739342
Højholt, C., & Larsen, M. R. (2019, August). Situated Inequality and Politics of Everyday Life. In 18th Conference of the International Society for Theoretical Psychology: Measured Lives-Theoretical Psychology in an Era of Acceleration: Measured Lives-Theoretical Psychology in an Era of Acceleration.
Iqbal, Z., Aslam, M. Z., Aslam, T., Ashraf, R., Kashif, M. & Nasir, H. (2020). Persuasive Power Concerning COVID-19 Employed by Premier Imran Khan: A Socio-Political Discourse Analysis. Register Journal, 13(1), 208-230. https://doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v13i1.208-230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v13i1.208-230
Jäger, S., Maier, F., Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (2009). Methods of critical discourse analysis. London: SAGE.
Keller, R. (2020). Narrative, discourse, and sociology of knowledge: applying the Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse (SKAD) for analyzing (counter-) narratives. In Routledge Handbook of Counter-Narratives (pp. 98-109). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429279713-10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429279713-10
Alba-Juez, L. (2016). Discourse Analysis and Pragmatics: Their scope and relation. Russian Journal of Linguistics, 20(4), 43-55. https://doi.org/10.22363/2312-9182-2016-20-4-43-55 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22363/2312-9182-2016-20-4-43-55
Ledin, P., & Machin, D. (2017). Multi-modal critical discourse analysis. In The Routledge handbook of critical discourse studies (pp. 60-76). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315739342-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315739342-5
Luke, A. (1997). Theory and practice in critical discourse analysis. International Encyclopedia of the Sociology of Education, 8, 50-57.
Maner, J. K. (2017). Dominance and prestige: A tale of two hierarchies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(6), 526-531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417714323 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417714323
Naz, S., Alvi, S. D., & Baseer, A. (2012). Political language of Benazir Bhutto: A transitivity analysis of her speech ‘democratization in Pakistan.’. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(8), 125-141.
Raza, M. R., Qayyoum, H., & Sadiq, T. (2021). A Speech Act Analysis of the Speech of Nawaz Sharif Ex-Prime Minister of Pakistan. Multicultural Education, 7(3), 259-266.
Reisigl, M., & Wodak, R. (2016). The discourse-historical approach (DHA). Methods of Critical Discourse Studies, 3, 23-61.
Rusu, D. (2019). The Impact of Computer-Related Terms on Verbal and Written Communication. Acta Technica Napocensis-Languages for Specific Purposes, 19(2), 82-90.
Shafiq, M., Sultana, R., & Munir, M. (2017). Political Rhetoric; Slogan Politics in Pakistan and Role of Parliament. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 11(2), 26-38.
Shahzadi, S. (2018). Critical Discourse Analysis of Tahir-ul-Qadri and Imran Khan’s Dharna 2014 Speeches: A Comparative Analysis (Doctoral dissertation), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus.
Sibtain, M., Aslam, M. Z., ZIA-UR-REHMAN & Qasim, H. M. (2020). A Study Of Rhetorical Element And Political Persuasion In Trump's Speech At UNGA 74th Session: A Political Discourse Analysis. Hamdard Islamicus, 43(1), 472-486.
Saeed, U., Aslam, M. Z., Khan, A., Khan, M., Atiq, M. & Bhatti, H. (2020). Rhetorical and Persuasive Strategies Employed by Imran Khan in his Victory Speech: A Socio-Political Discourse Analysis. International Journal of English Linguistics 10(2), 349-356. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n2p349 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n2p349
Talib, N., & Fitzgerald, R. (2018). Putting Philosophy Back to Work in Critical Discourse Analysis. Critical Discourse Studies, 15(2), 123-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2017.1421242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2017.1421242
Turdiyeva, Y. (2018). Types of discourse in linguistics. ВопроÑÑ‹ науки и образованиÑ, 8, 138-139.
van Dijk, T. A. (1997). What is political discourse analysis? Belgian Journal of Linguistics, 11(1), 11-52. https://doi.org/10.1075/bjl.11.03dij DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/bjl.11.03dij
van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: A multidisciplinary approach. Sage.
Vulchanova, M., Vulchanov, V., Fritz, I. and Milburn, E. A. (2019). Language and perception: Introduction to the Special Issue “Speakers and Listeners in the Visual Worldâ€. Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science, 3, 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41809-019-00047-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41809-019-00047-z