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THE ROLE OF PARLIAMENT IN CURBING CORRUPTION: AN ILLUSTRATIVE APPROACH REGARDING PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN
Corresponding Author(s) : Bashir Muhammad
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study aimed to explore the association between the role of parliament and perception of the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) paradigm for curbing corruption in Peshawar.
Methodology: A stratified random sampling technique was used to gather information from 320 sample respondents through an interview schedule. The gamma and chi-square test was applied to determine the association between dependent and independent variables.
Main Findings: Parliament’s role was termed as of paramount importance in curbing corruption. There was a significant association between the vital function of parliament in curbing corruption (P=0.000), introduce new anti-corruption laws (P=0.016), parliament assure the accountability of executives (P=0.003), parliament should work with other institution (P=0.034), Public Account Committee’s role is admirable in parliament (P=0.815), non-accountability of powerful (P=0.022), parliament should introduce a strict law (P=0.017) and perception of the NAB paradigm for reducing corruption.
Applications of this study: The results of this research work can be applied to all watchdogs’ institutions for its policymaking.
The originality of this study: The study is unique because the information was aggregated directly from the people in the research area.
Keywords
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- Agbiboa, D. E. (2012). Between Corruption and Development: The Political Economy of State Robbery in Nigeria. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(3), 325-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1093-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1093-5
- Amundsen, Inge (1999). Political corruption: An introduction to the issues. Working Paper 99:7, Bergen: Chr.Michelson Institute.
- Atelhe, A. G.and Agada, A. T. (2014). Re-Visiting Political Corruption and Development in Nigeria under Democratic Rule. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 305-314. https://doi.org/10.590 1/ajis.2014.v3n1p305 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n1p305
- Bailey, John, and Arturo Valenzuela. (1997). “The shape of the future.†Journal of Democracy v8, n4 (October 1997): 43-57 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1997.0051
- Banerjee, A.V. (2011). Ghatak, M. Eviction threats and investment incentives. J. Dev. Econ., 74, 469-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.07.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.07.004
- Batley, R., Bjørnestad, L. and Cumbi, A. (2006). Evaluation of General Budget Support - Mozambique Country Report. Birmingham: International Development Department, School of Public Policy, University of Birmingham
- Dijk, V., Frans, and Vos, G. (2020). A Method for Assessment of the Independence and Accountability of the Judiciary. IJCA, 9. 2017. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijca.276 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18352/ijca.276
- Djankov, S., C. McLiesh, T. Nenova, and A. Shleifer, (2001). Who owns the media? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2620, World Bank, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.3386/w8288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w8288
- Everett, J., Neu, D., Rahaman, A.S. (2007). Accounting and the global fight against corruption, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 32(6), 513-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2006.07.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2006.07.002
- Gosparini, P., Carter, R., Hubbard, M., Nickson, A. and Núñez, L.O. (2006) Evaluation of General Budget Support – Nicaragua Country Report, Birmingham: International Development Department, School of Public Policy, University of Birmingham.
- Guillaumeméon, P. and Sekkat, K. (2005). Does corruption grease or sand the wheels of growth. Public Choice, 122, 69-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-005-3988-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-005-3988-0
- Hemsley, R. (2015). Human rights and corruption: States' human rights obligation to fight corruption. Journal of Transnational Legal Issues, 2(1), 1-24.
- http://www.transparencyinternational/cpi
- IMF (2016). Corruption: Costs and Mitigating Strategies. IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN/16/05. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513594330.006
- https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513594330.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513594330.006
- INTOSAI (2013). ISSAI 5700 guidelines for the audit of corruption prevention in government agencies, Exposure Draft, available at: www.issai.org Accessed 12.10.15.
- Klitgaard, R. (2006). Introduction: subverting corruption, Global Crime, 7(3-4), 299-307. https://doi.org/1 0.1080/17440570601063724 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17440570601063724
- Knack, S. and Keefer, P. (1995). Institutions and economic performance: cross-country tests using alternative institutional measures. Economics and Politics, 7, 207-227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.1995.tb00111.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.1995.tb00111.x
- Lambsdorff, J.G. (2005). Consequences and Causes of Corruption: What Do We Know form a Cross Section of Countries? Discussion Paper No. V-34-05. Passau: University of Passau.
- Lanser, P., Dom, C., Orivel, F. and Ouédraogo, J. (2006). Evaluation of General Budget Support - Burkina Faso Country Report, Birmingham: International Development Department, School of Public Policy, University of Birmingham.
- Linz, J., (1990). The virtues of parliamentarism. Journal of Democracy 1, 84-92. --- and A. Stepan, 1996, Toward consolidated democracies. Journal of Democracy 7, 14-33. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1996.0031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1996.0031
- Linz, J.J & Stepan, A.C. (1996). Toward Consolidated Democracies. Journal of Democracy, 7(2), 14-33. Retrieved From: http://repi.ulb.ac.be/sites/default/files/contenu/cours/linz-et-stepan1.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1996.0031
- Linz, Juan J. (1994). Presidential or Parliamentary: Does it make a difference? Juan J. Linz e Arturo Valenzuela (a cura di), The Failure of Presidential Democracy, Baltimora, Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 3-91.
- Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(3), 681-712. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2946696
- https://doi.org/10.2307/2946696 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2946696
- McGee, David G. (2002) The Overseers. Public Accounts Committees and Public Spending, London, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, with Pluto Press.
- Murray, M. and Spalding, A. (2015). Freedom from official corruption as a human right. Governance Studies at Brookings.
- Nye, Joseph S. (1967). Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefit Analysis. American Political Science Review, 61(2), 417-27. https://doi.org/10.2307/1953254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1953254
- Packenham, Robert A. (1970). Legislatures and political development. In Allan Kornberg and Lloyd Musolf (eds.) Legislatures in Developmental Perspective. Durham: Duke University Press
- Pellegrini, L. and Gerlagh, R. (2004). Corruption's effect on growth and its transmission channels. Kyklos, 57, 429-456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2004.00261.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2004.00261.x
- Peters, A. (2016). Corruption as a violation of international human rights. MPIL research paper no. 2016-2018. Robbery in Nigeria. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(3), 325-345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2805099
- Qian, et al.(2018). Corruption prevention and economic growth: A mediating effect of rule and law. Int'l J. Soc. Sci. Stud. 6 (2018), 128. https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i2.2946 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i2.2946
- Quah, J. S. T. (2006). Curbing Asian Corruption. Current History, April: 176179.
- Quah, J.S.T. (1988). Corruption in Asia with Special Reference to Singapore: Patterns and Consequences, Asian Journal of Public Administration, 10(1), 80-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/02598272.1988.10800199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02598272.1988.10800199
- Quah, Jon S.T. (2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0732-1317(2011)20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S0732-1317(2011)20
- Quah, Jon S.T. (2014). Curbing Police Corruption in Singapore: Lessons for other Asian Countries. Asian Education and Development Studies, 3 (3), 186-222. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-07-2014-0029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-07-2014-0029
- Quah, Jon S.T. (2015a). Enhancing the Effectiveness of Taiwan's Anti-Corruption Agencies in Combating Corruption. American Journal of Chinese Studies, 22 (2), 291-307.
- Quah, Jon S.T. (2015b). Hunting the Corrupt "Tigers" and "Flies" in China: An Evaluation of Xi Jinping's AntiCorruption Campaign (November 2012 to March 2015). Baltimore, MD: Carey tool of Law, University of Maryland.
- Quah, Jon S.T. (2016). Combating Corruption in Six Asian Countries: A Comparative Analysis. Asian Education and Development Studies, 5(2), 244-262. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-01-2016-0011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-01-2016-0011
- Quah, Jon S.T. (2017a). Controlling Corruption in Asian Countries: The Elusive Search for Success. In Ting Gong and Ian Scott (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Corruption in Asia. London: Routledge, Chapter 17, pp. 241-261.
- Quah, Jon S.T. (2017b). Singapore's Success in Combating Corruption: Lessons for Policy Makers. Asian Education and Development Studies, 6(3), 263-274. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-03-2017-0030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-03-2017-0030
- Quah, Jon S.T. (2017c). Five Success Stories in Combating Corruption: Lessons for Policy Makers. Asian Education and Development Studies, 6(3), 275-289. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-03-2017-0031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-03-2017-0031
- Rothstein, B., & Varraich, A. (2017). Making Sense of Corruption. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316681596 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316681596
- Sadiq, M. And Abdullahi, M., (2013). Corruption as the Bane of Nigeria's Development. International Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment, 4(1), 83-93.
- Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods for Business. The USA, Hermitage Publishing Services.
- Sekaran, U. (2016). Research Methods For Business, A Skill Building Approach, John Willey & Sons. Inc. New York.
- Sen, A. (1999) Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Staplehurst, et al. (2006), The role of parliament in curbing corruption, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA.
- Thomson, S. (2017). We waste $2 trillion a year on corruption. Here are four better ways to spend that money. Available at https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/we-waste-2-trillion-a-yearon-corruption-here-are-four-better-ways-to-spend-that-money
- Ullah, A., & Muhammad, N. (2020). Prevalence of mental health problems among youth involved in street crimes. Rawal Medical Journal, 45(4), 938-942.
- Viljoen, F. (2012). International human rights law in Africa (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199645589.001.0001
- https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199645589.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199645589.001.0001
- World Bank (1997). World Development Report 1997: The State in a Changing World. World Bank, Washington DC.
- World Bank (2004) http://www.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS. www.transparency.org. www.transparency.org.pk/.../CPI2009/CPI20 2009 Press Release November.
- Yeoh, Peter (2019). The national anti-corruption initiatives in the context of international norms. Mastering Anti-Corruption: The Practitioners' View, 2019, 47.
References
Agbiboa, D. E. (2012). Between Corruption and Development: The Political Economy of State Robbery in Nigeria. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(3), 325-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1093-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1093-5
Amundsen, Inge (1999). Political corruption: An introduction to the issues. Working Paper 99:7, Bergen: Chr.Michelson Institute.
Atelhe, A. G.and Agada, A. T. (2014). Re-Visiting Political Corruption and Development in Nigeria under Democratic Rule. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 305-314. https://doi.org/10.590 1/ajis.2014.v3n1p305 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n1p305
Bailey, John, and Arturo Valenzuela. (1997). “The shape of the future.†Journal of Democracy v8, n4 (October 1997): 43-57 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1997.0051
Banerjee, A.V. (2011). Ghatak, M. Eviction threats and investment incentives. J. Dev. Econ., 74, 469-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.07.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.07.004
Batley, R., Bjørnestad, L. and Cumbi, A. (2006). Evaluation of General Budget Support - Mozambique Country Report. Birmingham: International Development Department, School of Public Policy, University of Birmingham
Dijk, V., Frans, and Vos, G. (2020). A Method for Assessment of the Independence and Accountability of the Judiciary. IJCA, 9. 2017. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijca.276 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18352/ijca.276
Djankov, S., C. McLiesh, T. Nenova, and A. Shleifer, (2001). Who owns the media? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2620, World Bank, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.3386/w8288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w8288
Everett, J., Neu, D., Rahaman, A.S. (2007). Accounting and the global fight against corruption, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 32(6), 513-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2006.07.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2006.07.002
Gosparini, P., Carter, R., Hubbard, M., Nickson, A. and Núñez, L.O. (2006) Evaluation of General Budget Support – Nicaragua Country Report, Birmingham: International Development Department, School of Public Policy, University of Birmingham.
Guillaumeméon, P. and Sekkat, K. (2005). Does corruption grease or sand the wheels of growth. Public Choice, 122, 69-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-005-3988-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-005-3988-0
Hemsley, R. (2015). Human rights and corruption: States' human rights obligation to fight corruption. Journal of Transnational Legal Issues, 2(1), 1-24.
http://www.transparencyinternational/cpi
IMF (2016). Corruption: Costs and Mitigating Strategies. IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN/16/05. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513594330.006
https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513594330.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513594330.006
INTOSAI (2013). ISSAI 5700 guidelines for the audit of corruption prevention in government agencies, Exposure Draft, available at: www.issai.org Accessed 12.10.15.
Klitgaard, R. (2006). Introduction: subverting corruption, Global Crime, 7(3-4), 299-307. https://doi.org/1 0.1080/17440570601063724 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17440570601063724
Knack, S. and Keefer, P. (1995). Institutions and economic performance: cross-country tests using alternative institutional measures. Economics and Politics, 7, 207-227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.1995.tb00111.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.1995.tb00111.x
Lambsdorff, J.G. (2005). Consequences and Causes of Corruption: What Do We Know form a Cross Section of Countries? Discussion Paper No. V-34-05. Passau: University of Passau.
Lanser, P., Dom, C., Orivel, F. and Ouédraogo, J. (2006). Evaluation of General Budget Support - Burkina Faso Country Report, Birmingham: International Development Department, School of Public Policy, University of Birmingham.
Linz, J., (1990). The virtues of parliamentarism. Journal of Democracy 1, 84-92. --- and A. Stepan, 1996, Toward consolidated democracies. Journal of Democracy 7, 14-33. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1996.0031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1996.0031
Linz, J.J & Stepan, A.C. (1996). Toward Consolidated Democracies. Journal of Democracy, 7(2), 14-33. Retrieved From: http://repi.ulb.ac.be/sites/default/files/contenu/cours/linz-et-stepan1.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1996.0031
Linz, Juan J. (1994). Presidential or Parliamentary: Does it make a difference? Juan J. Linz e Arturo Valenzuela (a cura di), The Failure of Presidential Democracy, Baltimora, Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 3-91.
Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(3), 681-712. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2946696
https://doi.org/10.2307/2946696 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2946696
McGee, David G. (2002) The Overseers. Public Accounts Committees and Public Spending, London, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, with Pluto Press.
Murray, M. and Spalding, A. (2015). Freedom from official corruption as a human right. Governance Studies at Brookings.
Nye, Joseph S. (1967). Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefit Analysis. American Political Science Review, 61(2), 417-27. https://doi.org/10.2307/1953254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1953254
Packenham, Robert A. (1970). Legislatures and political development. In Allan Kornberg and Lloyd Musolf (eds.) Legislatures in Developmental Perspective. Durham: Duke University Press
Pellegrini, L. and Gerlagh, R. (2004). Corruption's effect on growth and its transmission channels. Kyklos, 57, 429-456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2004.00261.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2004.00261.x
Peters, A. (2016). Corruption as a violation of international human rights. MPIL research paper no. 2016-2018. Robbery in Nigeria. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(3), 325-345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2805099
Qian, et al.(2018). Corruption prevention and economic growth: A mediating effect of rule and law. Int'l J. Soc. Sci. Stud. 6 (2018), 128. https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i2.2946 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i2.2946
Quah, J. S. T. (2006). Curbing Asian Corruption. Current History, April: 176179.
Quah, J.S.T. (1988). Corruption in Asia with Special Reference to Singapore: Patterns and Consequences, Asian Journal of Public Administration, 10(1), 80-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/02598272.1988.10800199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02598272.1988.10800199
Quah, Jon S.T. (2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0732-1317(2011)20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S0732-1317(2011)20
Quah, Jon S.T. (2014). Curbing Police Corruption in Singapore: Lessons for other Asian Countries. Asian Education and Development Studies, 3 (3), 186-222. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-07-2014-0029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-07-2014-0029
Quah, Jon S.T. (2015a). Enhancing the Effectiveness of Taiwan's Anti-Corruption Agencies in Combating Corruption. American Journal of Chinese Studies, 22 (2), 291-307.
Quah, Jon S.T. (2015b). Hunting the Corrupt "Tigers" and "Flies" in China: An Evaluation of Xi Jinping's AntiCorruption Campaign (November 2012 to March 2015). Baltimore, MD: Carey tool of Law, University of Maryland.
Quah, Jon S.T. (2016). Combating Corruption in Six Asian Countries: A Comparative Analysis. Asian Education and Development Studies, 5(2), 244-262. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-01-2016-0011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-01-2016-0011
Quah, Jon S.T. (2017a). Controlling Corruption in Asian Countries: The Elusive Search for Success. In Ting Gong and Ian Scott (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Corruption in Asia. London: Routledge, Chapter 17, pp. 241-261.
Quah, Jon S.T. (2017b). Singapore's Success in Combating Corruption: Lessons for Policy Makers. Asian Education and Development Studies, 6(3), 263-274. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-03-2017-0030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-03-2017-0030
Quah, Jon S.T. (2017c). Five Success Stories in Combating Corruption: Lessons for Policy Makers. Asian Education and Development Studies, 6(3), 275-289. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-03-2017-0031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-03-2017-0031
Rothstein, B., & Varraich, A. (2017). Making Sense of Corruption. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316681596 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316681596
Sadiq, M. And Abdullahi, M., (2013). Corruption as the Bane of Nigeria's Development. International Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment, 4(1), 83-93.
Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods for Business. The USA, Hermitage Publishing Services.
Sekaran, U. (2016). Research Methods For Business, A Skill Building Approach, John Willey & Sons. Inc. New York.
Sen, A. (1999) Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Staplehurst, et al. (2006), The role of parliament in curbing corruption, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA.
Thomson, S. (2017). We waste $2 trillion a year on corruption. Here are four better ways to spend that money. Available at https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/we-waste-2-trillion-a-yearon-corruption-here-are-four-better-ways-to-spend-that-money
Ullah, A., & Muhammad, N. (2020). Prevalence of mental health problems among youth involved in street crimes. Rawal Medical Journal, 45(4), 938-942.
Viljoen, F. (2012). International human rights law in Africa (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199645589.001.0001
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199645589.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199645589.001.0001
World Bank (1997). World Development Report 1997: The State in a Changing World. World Bank, Washington DC.
World Bank (2004) http://www.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS. www.transparency.org. www.transparency.org.pk/.../CPI2009/CPI20 2009 Press Release November.
Yeoh, Peter (2019). The national anti-corruption initiatives in the context of international norms. Mastering Anti-Corruption: The Practitioners' View, 2019, 47.