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DIASPORIC AND CROSS-CULTURAL IDENTITIES IN PAKISTANI FILM KHUDA KE LIYE (IN THE NAME OF GOD)
Corresponding Author(s) : Masroor Sibtain
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose: The study aims to identify the various diasporic identities, hybrid identities, and identity crisis analyses of a Pakistani film, ‘Khuda Kay Liye’ released on July 20, 2007, written, directed, and produced by Shoaib Mansoor.
Method: The present study is qualitative by nature and interpretive by approach. The researchers collected the primary data from the film watching it profoundly. The secondary data was collected from the various relevant articles published in periodicals/journals to build the theoretical argument—analyzing the data utilizing the thematic analysis technique.
Main Findings: This qualitative analysis enlightens more significant issues about diaspora and identities in the focused film. Individuals in the film represent themselves distinctive living in another society, culture, or religion, practicing their native (Pakistani) cultural norms and ideologically. Moreover, as a subordinate ethnic group, specifically Muslim characters in the film, face discrimination and oppression. Through qualitative discussions based on excerpts dealing with socio-cultural behavior, the researchers concluded that diasporic identities constitute the core thematic content of the film.
Application of the Study: The study would be significant for understanding diasporic and hybrid identities. The academic researcher may adopt the theoretical framework of the present research to employ it on the other genres of Pakistani literature to find the diasporic identities and identity crises. The teachers of Pakistani literature would also seek help to understand and teach the concepts analyzed in the research.
The Study’s Originality: The study is contemporary as it employs conceptual, theoretical frameworks to explore the diasporic features in a film.
Keywords
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- Adebanwi, W. (2018). Contesting multiculturalism: ethno-regionalism and contending forms of nationalism in late colonial Nigeria. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 56(1), 40-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662 043.2017.1312731 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2017.1312731
- Adkoli, B. V. (2006). Migration of Health Workers: Perspectives from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. In Regional Health Forum (Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 49-58). World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia.
- Agnihotri, R.K. (1987). Crisis of identity: The Sikhs in England. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
- Aschhoff, N., & Vogel, R. (2019). Something old, something new, something borrowed: Explaining varieties of professionalism in citizen collaboration through identity theory. Public Administration, 97(3), 703-720. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12589 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12589
- Akhtar, S., Baig, F. Z., Aslam, M. Z., Khan, T., Tayyaba, S., & Iqbal, Z. (2020). Code-Switching and Identity: A Sociolinguistic Study of Hanif’s Novel Our Lady of Alice Bhatti. International Journal of English Linguistics, 10(1), 364–371. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p364 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p364
- Ayson, R. (2018). The coercive power of shared values. Political Science, 70(3), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/00323187.2019.1595065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00323187.2019.1595065
- Baig, F. Z., Yousaf, W., Aazam, F., Shamshad, S., Fida, I & Aslam, M. Z. (2019). Power, Ideology and Identity in Digital Literacy: A Sociolinguistic Study. International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(2), 252-264. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p252
- Barth, F. (1969). Ethnic Groups & Boundaries. Oslo: Jhansen & Nielsen.
- Barth, F. (2000). "Boundaries & Connections" In Anthony Cohen (ed.) Signifying Identities: Anthropological perspectives on boundaries and contested values. London and New York: Routledge.
- Batkalova, K. (2018). Binary oppositions in traditional culture of japanese and kazakh people. Astra Salvensis, 6(11), 463-480.
- Bilá, M., & Ivanova, S. V. (2020). Language, culture and ideology in discursive practices. Russian Journal of Linguistics, 24(2), 219-252. https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2020-24-2-219-252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2020-24-2-219-252
- Cislak, A., Cichocka, A., Wojcik, A. D., & Frankowska, N. (2018). Power corrupts, but control does not: What stands behind the effects of holding high positions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(6), 944-957. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218757456 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218757456
- Cohen, A. P. (Ed.). (2000). Signifying identities: Anthropological perspectives on boundaries and contested values. Psychology Press.
- Coley, D. K. (2020). Literary Value and Social Identity in the" Canterbury Tales." by Robert J. Meyer-Lee. Studies in the Age of Chaucer, 42(1), 425-429. https://doi.org/10.1353/sac.2020.0027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/sac.2020.0027
- Comay, J. (1981). The Diaspora Story: The epic of the Jewish people among the nations. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
- Dale, A. (2008). Migration, marriage and employment amongst Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi residents in the UK. University of Manchester, CCSR Working Paper, 2, 1-10.
- Damodaran, H. (2018). India's new capitalists: caste, business, and industry in a modern nation. Hachette India
- Frydenlund, S. A. (2019). Situationally Sherpa: race, ethnicity, and the labour geography of the Everest industry. Journal of Cultural Geography, 36(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873631.2018.1516601 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08873631.2018.1516601
- Furnivall, J. S. (1939). Netherlands India: A study of plural economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Furnivall, J. S. (1948). Colonial policy and practice. New York: New York University Press.
- Gabrieli, F. (1965). Muḥammad ibn QÄsim ath-ThaqafÄ« and the Arab Conquest of Sind. East and West, 15(3/4), 281-295. Retrieved June 9, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/29754928
- Gautam, M. K. (2013). Indian diaspora: ethnicity and diasporic identity. Migration Policy Centre, CARIM-India Research Report, 2013/29 Retrieved from Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository, at: http://hdl.handle.net/1814/29491
- Gelbin, C., & Gilman, S. (2017). Cosmopolitanisms and the Jews (p. 353). University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.8174299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.8174299
- Gluckman, M. (1940). Analysis of a social situation in modern Zululand. Bantu studies, 14(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/02561751.1940.9676107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02561751.1940.9676107
- Goode, E., & Ben-Yehuda, N. (1994). Moral panics: Culture, politics, and social construction. Annual review of sociology, 20(1), 149-171. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.20.080194.001053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.20.080194.001053
- Grossman, J. (2019). Toward a definition of diaspora. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42(8), 1263-1282. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2018.1550261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2018.1550261
- Hall (1993). "Encoding/Decoding." S. During (ed.), The Cultural Studies Reader. London and NY: Routledge.
- Haydar, A. (2019). The Mohajirs in Sindh: A Critical Essay. In Contemporary problems of Pakistan (pp. 107-124). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429041723-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429041723-6
- Holmes, J., & Wilson, N. (2017). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9 781315728438 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315728438
- Horta, H., & Yonezawa, A. (2013). Going places: exploring the impact of intra-sectoral mobility on research productivity and communication behaviors in Japanese academia. Asia Pacific Education Review, 14(4), 537-547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-013-9279-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-013-9279-4
- Karpat, K. (1996). Muslim Migration: A Response to Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh. International Migration Review, 30(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000108
- Khan, A. W. (2006). Life of Prophet Muhammad. LIFE, 1, 2.
- Levi, S. C. (2002). The Indian Diaspora in central Asia and its trade, 1550-1900. Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047401209
- Lewis, M. A., Maini, P. K., & Petrovskii, S. V. (2013). Dispersal, individual movement and spatial ecology. Lecture Notes in Mathematics (Mathematics Bioscience Series), 2071. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35497-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35497-7
- Lugrin, B., Frommel, J., & André, E. (2018). Combining a data-driven and a theory-based approach to generate culture-dependent behaviours for virtual characters. In Advances in Culturally-Aware Intelligent Systems and in Cross-Cultural Psychological Studies (pp. 111-142). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67024-9_6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67024-9_6
- Martin, J. (2020). Multiculturalism and feminism. In Intersexions (pp. 110-131). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003116165-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003116165-7
- McLeod, J. (2020). Diaspora identities. In Beginning postcolonialism (second edition). Manchester University Press. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526153531.00013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526153531
- Mohamed, B. (2018). New estimates show U.S. Muslim population continues to grow. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/01/03/new-estimates-show-u-s-muslim-population-continues-to-grow/ on June 10, 2021
- Moldenhawer, B. (2005). Transnational migrant communities and education strategies among Pakistani youngsters in Denmark. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(1), 51-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/136 9183042000305681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183042000305681
- Müller-Crepon, C. (2020). Continuity or change? (In) direct rule in British and French colonial Africa. International Organization, 74(4), 707-741. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000211
- Nielsen, L., & Leighton, R. (2017). What are the gender, class and ethnicity of citizenship?: A study of upper secondary school students' views on Citizenship Education in England and Sweden. Confero: Essays on Education, Philosophy and Politics, 5(1), 11-70. https://doi.org/10.3384/confer.2001-4562.170530 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3384/confer.2001-4562.170530
- Ogunyemi, O. (2020). On the issue of diaspora’s terminological dispersal. Journal of Global Diaspora & Media, 1(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1386/gdm_00001_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/gdm_00001_2
- Peach, C. (2006). South Asian migration and settlement in Great Britain, 1951–2001. Contemporary South Asia, 15(2), 133-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584930600955234 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09584930600955234
- Qureshi, S. A., & Lodhi, M. I. (2011). Holy Prophet (PBUH) as a Preceptor for All Times. Dialogue (Pakistan), 6(4), 300-318.
- Rahman, F. N., Sami, K., & Memon, M. F. (2015). Medina charter and just peacemaking theory. The Government-Annual Research Journal of Political Science., 4(4), 196-203.
- Ralston, D. A., Egri, C. P., Casado, T., Fu, P., & Wangenheim, F. (2009). The impact of life stage and societal culture on subordinate influence ethics: A study of Brazil, China, Germany, and the US. Journal of International Management, 15(4), 374-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2009.02.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2009.02.004
- Segal, U. A. (2019). Globalization, migration, and ethnicity. Public Health, 172, 135-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.04.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.04.011
- Silverburg, S. R. (2020). An International Legal Bibliography on the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict. Denver Journal of International Law & Policy, 10(2), 7.
- Tanatova, D. K., Yudina, T. N., Fomicheva, T. V., Dolgorukova, I. V., & Sulyagina, J. O. (2020). European traditions in culture of russians. Laplage em Revista, 6(Extra-C), 100-113. https://doi.org/10.24115/S2446-622020206Extra-C633p.100-113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24115/S2446-622020206Extra-C633p.100-113
- Tholoniat, Y., & de L'Estoile, B. (2008). Max Gluckman (1940): «Analysis of a social situation in modern Zululand». Genèses, (3), 119-155. https://doi.org/10.3917/gen.072.0119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/gen.072.0119
- Timol, R. (2020). Ethno-religious socialisation, national culture and the social construction of British Muslim identity. Contemporary Islam, 14(3), 331-360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-020-00454-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-020-00454-y
- Zammad, A. M., Talha, A. (2018). Ideological Positioning of the Islamic Fundamentalists and Moderates in Khuda Kay Liye (In the Name of God: A Pakistani Movie). Arts Social Sci. J., 9, 376. ttps://doi.org/10.4172 /2151-6200.1000381 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2151-6200.1000381
References
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Adkoli, B. V. (2006). Migration of Health Workers: Perspectives from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. In Regional Health Forum (Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 49-58). World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia.
Agnihotri, R.K. (1987). Crisis of identity: The Sikhs in England. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
Aschhoff, N., & Vogel, R. (2019). Something old, something new, something borrowed: Explaining varieties of professionalism in citizen collaboration through identity theory. Public Administration, 97(3), 703-720. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12589 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12589
Akhtar, S., Baig, F. Z., Aslam, M. Z., Khan, T., Tayyaba, S., & Iqbal, Z. (2020). Code-Switching and Identity: A Sociolinguistic Study of Hanif’s Novel Our Lady of Alice Bhatti. International Journal of English Linguistics, 10(1), 364–371. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p364 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p364
Ayson, R. (2018). The coercive power of shared values. Political Science, 70(3), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/00323187.2019.1595065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00323187.2019.1595065
Baig, F. Z., Yousaf, W., Aazam, F., Shamshad, S., Fida, I & Aslam, M. Z. (2019). Power, Ideology and Identity in Digital Literacy: A Sociolinguistic Study. International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(2), 252-264. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p252
Barth, F. (1969). Ethnic Groups & Boundaries. Oslo: Jhansen & Nielsen.
Barth, F. (2000). "Boundaries & Connections" In Anthony Cohen (ed.) Signifying Identities: Anthropological perspectives on boundaries and contested values. London and New York: Routledge.
Batkalova, K. (2018). Binary oppositions in traditional culture of japanese and kazakh people. Astra Salvensis, 6(11), 463-480.
Bilá, M., & Ivanova, S. V. (2020). Language, culture and ideology in discursive practices. Russian Journal of Linguistics, 24(2), 219-252. https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2020-24-2-219-252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2020-24-2-219-252
Cislak, A., Cichocka, A., Wojcik, A. D., & Frankowska, N. (2018). Power corrupts, but control does not: What stands behind the effects of holding high positions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(6), 944-957. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218757456 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218757456
Cohen, A. P. (Ed.). (2000). Signifying identities: Anthropological perspectives on boundaries and contested values. Psychology Press.
Coley, D. K. (2020). Literary Value and Social Identity in the" Canterbury Tales." by Robert J. Meyer-Lee. Studies in the Age of Chaucer, 42(1), 425-429. https://doi.org/10.1353/sac.2020.0027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/sac.2020.0027
Comay, J. (1981). The Diaspora Story: The epic of the Jewish people among the nations. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Dale, A. (2008). Migration, marriage and employment amongst Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi residents in the UK. University of Manchester, CCSR Working Paper, 2, 1-10.
Damodaran, H. (2018). India's new capitalists: caste, business, and industry in a modern nation. Hachette India
Frydenlund, S. A. (2019). Situationally Sherpa: race, ethnicity, and the labour geography of the Everest industry. Journal of Cultural Geography, 36(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873631.2018.1516601 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08873631.2018.1516601
Furnivall, J. S. (1939). Netherlands India: A study of plural economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Furnivall, J. S. (1948). Colonial policy and practice. New York: New York University Press.
Gabrieli, F. (1965). Muḥammad ibn QÄsim ath-ThaqafÄ« and the Arab Conquest of Sind. East and West, 15(3/4), 281-295. Retrieved June 9, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/29754928
Gautam, M. K. (2013). Indian diaspora: ethnicity and diasporic identity. Migration Policy Centre, CARIM-India Research Report, 2013/29 Retrieved from Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository, at: http://hdl.handle.net/1814/29491
Gelbin, C., & Gilman, S. (2017). Cosmopolitanisms and the Jews (p. 353). University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.8174299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.8174299
Gluckman, M. (1940). Analysis of a social situation in modern Zululand. Bantu studies, 14(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/02561751.1940.9676107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02561751.1940.9676107
Goode, E., & Ben-Yehuda, N. (1994). Moral panics: Culture, politics, and social construction. Annual review of sociology, 20(1), 149-171. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.20.080194.001053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.20.080194.001053
Grossman, J. (2019). Toward a definition of diaspora. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42(8), 1263-1282. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2018.1550261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2018.1550261
Hall (1993). "Encoding/Decoding." S. During (ed.), The Cultural Studies Reader. London and NY: Routledge.
Haydar, A. (2019). The Mohajirs in Sindh: A Critical Essay. In Contemporary problems of Pakistan (pp. 107-124). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429041723-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429041723-6
Holmes, J., & Wilson, N. (2017). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9 781315728438 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315728438
Horta, H., & Yonezawa, A. (2013). Going places: exploring the impact of intra-sectoral mobility on research productivity and communication behaviors in Japanese academia. Asia Pacific Education Review, 14(4), 537-547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-013-9279-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-013-9279-4
Karpat, K. (1996). Muslim Migration: A Response to Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh. International Migration Review, 30(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000108
Khan, A. W. (2006). Life of Prophet Muhammad. LIFE, 1, 2.
Levi, S. C. (2002). The Indian Diaspora in central Asia and its trade, 1550-1900. Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047401209
Lewis, M. A., Maini, P. K., & Petrovskii, S. V. (2013). Dispersal, individual movement and spatial ecology. Lecture Notes in Mathematics (Mathematics Bioscience Series), 2071. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35497-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35497-7
Lugrin, B., Frommel, J., & André, E. (2018). Combining a data-driven and a theory-based approach to generate culture-dependent behaviours for virtual characters. In Advances in Culturally-Aware Intelligent Systems and in Cross-Cultural Psychological Studies (pp. 111-142). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67024-9_6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67024-9_6
Martin, J. (2020). Multiculturalism and feminism. In Intersexions (pp. 110-131). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003116165-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003116165-7
McLeod, J. (2020). Diaspora identities. In Beginning postcolonialism (second edition). Manchester University Press. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526153531.00013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526153531
Mohamed, B. (2018). New estimates show U.S. Muslim population continues to grow. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/01/03/new-estimates-show-u-s-muslim-population-continues-to-grow/ on June 10, 2021
Moldenhawer, B. (2005). Transnational migrant communities and education strategies among Pakistani youngsters in Denmark. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(1), 51-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/136 9183042000305681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183042000305681
Müller-Crepon, C. (2020). Continuity or change? (In) direct rule in British and French colonial Africa. International Organization, 74(4), 707-741. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000211
Nielsen, L., & Leighton, R. (2017). What are the gender, class and ethnicity of citizenship?: A study of upper secondary school students' views on Citizenship Education in England and Sweden. Confero: Essays on Education, Philosophy and Politics, 5(1), 11-70. https://doi.org/10.3384/confer.2001-4562.170530 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3384/confer.2001-4562.170530
Ogunyemi, O. (2020). On the issue of diaspora’s terminological dispersal. Journal of Global Diaspora & Media, 1(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1386/gdm_00001_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/gdm_00001_2
Peach, C. (2006). South Asian migration and settlement in Great Britain, 1951–2001. Contemporary South Asia, 15(2), 133-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584930600955234 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09584930600955234
Qureshi, S. A., & Lodhi, M. I. (2011). Holy Prophet (PBUH) as a Preceptor for All Times. Dialogue (Pakistan), 6(4), 300-318.
Rahman, F. N., Sami, K., & Memon, M. F. (2015). Medina charter and just peacemaking theory. The Government-Annual Research Journal of Political Science., 4(4), 196-203.
Ralston, D. A., Egri, C. P., Casado, T., Fu, P., & Wangenheim, F. (2009). The impact of life stage and societal culture on subordinate influence ethics: A study of Brazil, China, Germany, and the US. Journal of International Management, 15(4), 374-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2009.02.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2009.02.004
Segal, U. A. (2019). Globalization, migration, and ethnicity. Public Health, 172, 135-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.04.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.04.011
Silverburg, S. R. (2020). An International Legal Bibliography on the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict. Denver Journal of International Law & Policy, 10(2), 7.
Tanatova, D. K., Yudina, T. N., Fomicheva, T. V., Dolgorukova, I. V., & Sulyagina, J. O. (2020). European traditions in culture of russians. Laplage em Revista, 6(Extra-C), 100-113. https://doi.org/10.24115/S2446-622020206Extra-C633p.100-113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24115/S2446-622020206Extra-C633p.100-113
Tholoniat, Y., & de L'Estoile, B. (2008). Max Gluckman (1940): «Analysis of a social situation in modern Zululand». Genèses, (3), 119-155. https://doi.org/10.3917/gen.072.0119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/gen.072.0119
Timol, R. (2020). Ethno-religious socialisation, national culture and the social construction of British Muslim identity. Contemporary Islam, 14(3), 331-360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-020-00454-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-020-00454-y
Zammad, A. M., Talha, A. (2018). Ideological Positioning of the Islamic Fundamentalists and Moderates in Khuda Kay Liye (In the Name of God: A Pakistani Movie). Arts Social Sci. J., 9, 376. ttps://doi.org/10.4172 /2151-6200.1000381 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2151-6200.1000381