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SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS' PERSPECTIVES ABOUT EFFECTIVENESS OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY FOR CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER IN PAKISTAN
Corresponding Author(s) : Asmaa Azeem
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the Study: This research aimed to ascertain school psychologists' thoughts on the efficacy of behavioral treatment for kids with ADHD.
Methodology: This research used a qualitative method. Semi-structured interviews with chosen school psychologists were performed using a standard qualitative research approach. A purposive selection strategy was used to select a sample of fifteen school psychologists from Lahore for this Study. An interview guide comprised of 10 open-ended questions was designed based on the topics found in the literature research.
Principal Findings: The majority of participants believed in the efficacy of counseling via behavior therapy for kids with ADHD, particularly in terms of screening, diagnosis, and intervention techniques. Additionally, they thought that without this, parents would be unable to modify the child's behavior. Additionally, they felt that using various treatments might minimize the child's hyperactivity and foster socializing and intellectual and social abilities.
Applications of this Study: This research advises that school psychologists conduct seminars to raise knowledge about ADHD counseling efficacy. School psychologists must be employed in public and private special schools to collaborate with all stakeholders to guarantee adequate assistance for children with ADHD.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This is the first Study examining the school psychologists' thoughts on the efficacy of behavioral treatment for kids with ADHD in developing economies like Pakistan for the first time.
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- Alexander-Roberts, C. (2006). The adhd parenting handbook: Practical advice for parents from parents. Taylor Trade Publications.
- Alloway, T., Elliott, J., & Holmes, J. (2010). The prevalence of ADHD-like symptoms in a community sample. Journal of Attention Disorders, 14(1), 52-56. ttps://doi.org/10.1177/1087054709356197 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054709356197
- Anastopoulos, A. D., King, K. A., Besecker, L. H., O'Rourke, S. R., Bray, A. C., & Supple, A. J. (2018). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for college students with ADHD: Temporal stability of improvements in functioning following active treatment. Journal of Attention Disorders, 1087054717749932. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054717749932 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054717749932
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Brock, S. E., Jimerson, S. R., & Hansen, R. L. (2009). Identifying, assessing, and treating ADHD at school. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0501-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0501-7
- Cassell, C., & Symon, G. (2004). Essential guide to qualitative methods in organizational research. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446280119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446280119
- Chronis, A. M., Chacko, A., Fabiano, G. A., Wymbs, B. T., Pelham, W. E. J. C. c., & review, f. p. (2004). Enhancements to the behavioral parent training paradigm for families of children with ADHD: Review and future directions. 7(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CCFP.0000020190.60808.a4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CCFP.0000020190.60808.a4
- Charach, A., & Fernandez, R. (2013). Enhancing ADHD medication adherence: challenges and opportunities. Current psychiatry reports, 15(7), 371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-013-0371-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-013-0371-6
- Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2013). Teaching thematic analysis: Overcoming challenges and developing strategies for effective learning. The psychologist, 26(2), 120-123.
- Cushman, T., LeBlanc, M., & Porter, G. (2004). ADHD: Results of a national survey of school psychologists. Ethical Human Sciences and Services, 6(3), 183-192.
- De Meyer, H., Beckers, T., Tripp, G., & Van der Oord, S. J. J. o. a. c. p. (2019). Reinforcement contingency learning in children with ADHD: Back to the basics of behavior therapy. 47(12), 1889-1902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-019-00572-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-019-00572-z
- Fleming, A. P., McMahon, R. J., Moran, L. R., Peterson, A. P., & Dreessen, A. J. J. o. a. d. (2015). Pilot randomized controlled trial of dialectical behavior therapy group skills training for ADHD among college students. 19(3), 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714535951 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714535951
- Graziano, P. A., McNamara, J. P., Geffken, G. R., & Reid, A. (2011). Severity of children's ADHD symptoms and parenting stress: A multiple mediation model of self-regulation. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 39(7), 1073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9528-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9528-0
- Hamidi, F., & Mohammadi, K. F. (2017). The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group counseling of parents on the behavioral disorders of their adhd children. Journal of Exceptional Children EmpowermenT, 8(22), 50-60.
- Heath, C. L., Curtis, D. F., Fan, W., McPherson, R. J. C. P., & Development, H. (2015). The association between parenting stress, parenting self-efficacy, and the clinical significance of child ADHD symptom change following behavior therapy. 46(1), 118-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0458-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0458-2
- Koonce, D. A. (2007). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder assessment practices by practicing school psychologists: A national survey. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 25(4), 319-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282906298264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282906298264
- Longhurst, R. (2003). Semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Key methods in geography, 3, 143-156.
- Maguire, M., & Delahunt, B. (2017). Doing a thematic analysis: A practical, step-by-step guide for learning and teaching scholars. AISHE-J: The All Ireland Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 9(3), 3351-3354.
- McConaughy, S. H., Volpe, R. J., Antshel, K. M., Gordon, M., & Eiraldi, R. B. (2011). Academic and social impairments of elementary school children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. School Psychology Review, 40(2), 200-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2011.12087713 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2011.12087713
- Meerman, S. t., Batstra, L., Grietens, H., & Frances, A. (2017). ADHD: a critical update for educational professionals. International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being, 12(sup1), 1298267. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2017.1298267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2017.1298267
- Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons.
- Milich, R., & Roberts, W. (2018). ADHD and Behavior Disorders in Children. https://nobaproject.com/modul es/adhd-and-behavior-disorders-in-children
- Miller, A. (2018). The Difference Between Counselors, Psychologists and Psychiatrists.
- Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Leech, N. L., & Collins, K. M. (2010). Innovative data collection strategies in qualitative research. Qualitative Report, 15(3), 696-726.
- Pastor, P. N., Reuben, C. A., Duran, C. R., & Hawkins, L. D. (2015). Association between diagnosed adhd and selected characteristics among children aged 4-17 years: United states, 2011-2013. Nchs data brief. Number 201. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db201.pdf
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods Sage.
- Rosen, P. J., Leaberry, K. D., Slaughter, K., Fogleman, N. D., Walerius, D. M., Loren, R. E., & Epstein, J. N. (2019). Managing frustration for children (MFC) group intervention for ADHD: an open trial of a novel group intervention for deficient emotion regulation. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 26(3), 522-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.04.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.04.002
- Salkind, N. J. (2010). Encyclopedia of research design. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412961288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412961288
- Smykowski, J. (2019). Find Out The Difference Between A Therapist And A Psychologist.
- Sonuga-Barke, E. J., & Taylor, E. (2015). ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder. Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 6th ed.; Thapar, A., Pine, DS, Leckman, JF, Scott, S., Snowling, MJ, Taylor, E., Eds, 738-756. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118381953.ch55 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118381953.ch55
- Stein, R. E., Storfer-Isser, A., Kerker, B. D., Garner, A., Szilagyi, M., Hoagwood, K. E., O'Connor, K. G., & Horwitz, S. M. (2016). Beyond ADHD: how well are we doing? Academic Pediatrics, 16(2), 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2015.08.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2015.08.012
- Stern, A., Pollak, Y., Bonne, O., Malik, E., & Maeir, A. (2017). The relationship between executive functions and quality of life in adults with ADHD. Journal of attention disorders, 21(4), 323-330. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713504133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713504133
- Syed, E. U., & Hussein, S. A. (2010). Increase in teachers' knowledge about ADHD after a week-long training program: A pilot study. Journal of attention disorders, 13(4), 420-423. https://doi.org/10.1177/10 87054708329972 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054708329972
- Sibley, M. H., Graziano, P. A., Bickman, L., Coxe, S. J., Martin, P., Rodriguez, L. M., . . . Ortiz, M. J. P. S. (2020). Implementing parent-teen motivational interviewing+ behavior therapy for ADHD in community mental health. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-020-01105-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-020-01105-7
- Tamm, L., Garner, A. A., Loren, R. E., Epstein, J. N., Vaughn, A. J., Ciesielski, H. A., & Becker, S. P. (2016). Slow sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms are associated with poorer academic performance in children with ADHD. Psychiatry research, 242, 251-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.054 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.054
- Wender, P. H., & Tomb, D. A. (2017). ADHD: A guide to understanding symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and changes over time in children, adolescents, and adults (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
References
Alexander-Roberts, C. (2006). The adhd parenting handbook: Practical advice for parents from parents. Taylor Trade Publications.
Alloway, T., Elliott, J., & Holmes, J. (2010). The prevalence of ADHD-like symptoms in a community sample. Journal of Attention Disorders, 14(1), 52-56. ttps://doi.org/10.1177/1087054709356197 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054709356197
Anastopoulos, A. D., King, K. A., Besecker, L. H., O'Rourke, S. R., Bray, A. C., & Supple, A. J. (2018). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for college students with ADHD: Temporal stability of improvements in functioning following active treatment. Journal of Attention Disorders, 1087054717749932. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054717749932 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054717749932
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Brock, S. E., Jimerson, S. R., & Hansen, R. L. (2009). Identifying, assessing, and treating ADHD at school. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0501-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0501-7
Cassell, C., & Symon, G. (2004). Essential guide to qualitative methods in organizational research. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446280119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446280119
Chronis, A. M., Chacko, A., Fabiano, G. A., Wymbs, B. T., Pelham, W. E. J. C. c., & review, f. p. (2004). Enhancements to the behavioral parent training paradigm for families of children with ADHD: Review and future directions. 7(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CCFP.0000020190.60808.a4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CCFP.0000020190.60808.a4
Charach, A., & Fernandez, R. (2013). Enhancing ADHD medication adherence: challenges and opportunities. Current psychiatry reports, 15(7), 371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-013-0371-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-013-0371-6
Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2013). Teaching thematic analysis: Overcoming challenges and developing strategies for effective learning. The psychologist, 26(2), 120-123.
Cushman, T., LeBlanc, M., & Porter, G. (2004). ADHD: Results of a national survey of school psychologists. Ethical Human Sciences and Services, 6(3), 183-192.
De Meyer, H., Beckers, T., Tripp, G., & Van der Oord, S. J. J. o. a. c. p. (2019). Reinforcement contingency learning in children with ADHD: Back to the basics of behavior therapy. 47(12), 1889-1902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-019-00572-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-019-00572-z
Fleming, A. P., McMahon, R. J., Moran, L. R., Peterson, A. P., & Dreessen, A. J. J. o. a. d. (2015). Pilot randomized controlled trial of dialectical behavior therapy group skills training for ADHD among college students. 19(3), 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714535951 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714535951
Graziano, P. A., McNamara, J. P., Geffken, G. R., & Reid, A. (2011). Severity of children's ADHD symptoms and parenting stress: A multiple mediation model of self-regulation. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 39(7), 1073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9528-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9528-0
Hamidi, F., & Mohammadi, K. F. (2017). The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group counseling of parents on the behavioral disorders of their adhd children. Journal of Exceptional Children EmpowermenT, 8(22), 50-60.
Heath, C. L., Curtis, D. F., Fan, W., McPherson, R. J. C. P., & Development, H. (2015). The association between parenting stress, parenting self-efficacy, and the clinical significance of child ADHD symptom change following behavior therapy. 46(1), 118-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0458-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0458-2
Koonce, D. A. (2007). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder assessment practices by practicing school psychologists: A national survey. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 25(4), 319-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282906298264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282906298264
Longhurst, R. (2003). Semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Key methods in geography, 3, 143-156.
Maguire, M., & Delahunt, B. (2017). Doing a thematic analysis: A practical, step-by-step guide for learning and teaching scholars. AISHE-J: The All Ireland Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 9(3), 3351-3354.
McConaughy, S. H., Volpe, R. J., Antshel, K. M., Gordon, M., & Eiraldi, R. B. (2011). Academic and social impairments of elementary school children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. School Psychology Review, 40(2), 200-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2011.12087713 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2011.12087713
Meerman, S. t., Batstra, L., Grietens, H., & Frances, A. (2017). ADHD: a critical update for educational professionals. International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being, 12(sup1), 1298267. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2017.1298267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2017.1298267
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons.
Milich, R., & Roberts, W. (2018). ADHD and Behavior Disorders in Children. https://nobaproject.com/modul es/adhd-and-behavior-disorders-in-children
Miller, A. (2018). The Difference Between Counselors, Psychologists and Psychiatrists.
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Leech, N. L., & Collins, K. M. (2010). Innovative data collection strategies in qualitative research. Qualitative Report, 15(3), 696-726.
Pastor, P. N., Reuben, C. A., Duran, C. R., & Hawkins, L. D. (2015). Association between diagnosed adhd and selected characteristics among children aged 4-17 years: United states, 2011-2013. Nchs data brief. Number 201. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db201.pdf
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods Sage.
Rosen, P. J., Leaberry, K. D., Slaughter, K., Fogleman, N. D., Walerius, D. M., Loren, R. E., & Epstein, J. N. (2019). Managing frustration for children (MFC) group intervention for ADHD: an open trial of a novel group intervention for deficient emotion regulation. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 26(3), 522-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.04.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.04.002
Salkind, N. J. (2010). Encyclopedia of research design. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412961288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412961288
Smykowski, J. (2019). Find Out The Difference Between A Therapist And A Psychologist.
Sonuga-Barke, E. J., & Taylor, E. (2015). ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder. Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 6th ed.; Thapar, A., Pine, DS, Leckman, JF, Scott, S., Snowling, MJ, Taylor, E., Eds, 738-756. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118381953.ch55 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118381953.ch55
Stein, R. E., Storfer-Isser, A., Kerker, B. D., Garner, A., Szilagyi, M., Hoagwood, K. E., O'Connor, K. G., & Horwitz, S. M. (2016). Beyond ADHD: how well are we doing? Academic Pediatrics, 16(2), 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2015.08.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2015.08.012
Stern, A., Pollak, Y., Bonne, O., Malik, E., & Maeir, A. (2017). The relationship between executive functions and quality of life in adults with ADHD. Journal of attention disorders, 21(4), 323-330. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713504133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713504133
Syed, E. U., & Hussein, S. A. (2010). Increase in teachers' knowledge about ADHD after a week-long training program: A pilot study. Journal of attention disorders, 13(4), 420-423. https://doi.org/10.1177/10 87054708329972 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054708329972
Sibley, M. H., Graziano, P. A., Bickman, L., Coxe, S. J., Martin, P., Rodriguez, L. M., . . . Ortiz, M. J. P. S. (2020). Implementing parent-teen motivational interviewing+ behavior therapy for ADHD in community mental health. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-020-01105-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-020-01105-7
Tamm, L., Garner, A. A., Loren, R. E., Epstein, J. N., Vaughn, A. J., Ciesielski, H. A., & Becker, S. P. (2016). Slow sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms are associated with poorer academic performance in children with ADHD. Psychiatry research, 242, 251-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.054 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.054
Wender, P. H., & Tomb, D. A. (2017). ADHD: A guide to understanding symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and changes over time in children, adolescents, and adults (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.