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RESISTANCE TRAINING EXERCISE EFFECTS ON MUSCULAR STRENGTH, ENDURANCE, AND FATS OF LOWER LIMBS IN ADULTS; IT'S FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS
Corresponding Author(s) : Noor Muhammad Marwat
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 4 (2021): July
Abstract
Purpose: Primary aim of the research study was to develop awareness among the participants about the benefits of exercise and its financial benefits.
Methodology: Adults had to perform exercises on Unstable Surfaces (US), Stable Surface (SS) and Machine Based (MB). The protocol of exercises was divided into three categories with 30 participants in each group i.e., Machine Based Surface Resistance Training (M-SRT), Machine Based Unstable Surface Resistance Training (M-URT), and Free Weight Unstable Surfaces Resistance Training (F-URT). Equipment used for tests was imported. Cost of financial expenditure and effects of resistance training exercise protocol on the male adults’ lower limbs muscular power, body fats, and strength were compared. Leg extension strength, leg press, muscle fuel, and body fats were checked on the baseline and after a seven-week resistance training program in the adults and budget, effects took away from the parents.
Main Findings: The subjects’ results in maximal resistance training of squad movement were significantly higher in M-SRT and M-URT as compared to F-URT. The average seven-week regular resistance training exercise protocol program in adults with proper supervision will minimize the risk of injury and develop the strength and endurance in the lower limbs of adults up to maximal and that the composition of the body fats was observed lesser. There are training and exercise centres in Dera Ismail Khan city and adults can easily manage to become members of those clubs with nominal registration fees. Fitness and wellbeing are directly associated with the financial benefits of exercise and training. It was observed that the student adults can easily manage the resistance training program for their fitness by curtailing their pocket money.
The implication of the Study: The findings of the research study have vital impacts on the daily life routine life of adults. Adults can easily manage to spare some time from leisure and money to keep themselves fit and healthy. The nation needs healthy adults to serve the best and build a nation. The results of analyzed data will help the parents and teachers to motivate their children to participate in the activities of fitness centres and acquaint the adults with financial behaviour change theory. Proper counselling of the experts will be fruitful in light of the recommendations of the study.
Novelty: For the first time such a study is going to be conducted in the field of sports and finance. This is primary research in the homeland to highlight the behavioural economics capitalization in sports and training. The financial impacts of training and exercise on the fitness of youth have been studied in length. Future researchers would be benefited from the results of the study and they will be able to include the purchase of basic equipment for exercise and training in the institute budget.
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- Adams, J., Giles, E.L., McColl, E., Sniehotta, F.F., Carrots. (2014). Sticks and health behaviours: a framework for documenting the complexity of financial incentive interventions to change health behaviours. Health Psychol Rev, 8(3), 286–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2013.848410 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2013.848410
- Horsak, B., Artner, D., Baca, A., Pobatschnig, B., Greber-Platzer, S., Nehrer, S., Wondrasch, S. (2015). The effects of a strength and neuromuscular exercise programme for the lower extremity on knee load, pain and function in obese children and adolescents: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. National library of science. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-1091-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-1091-5
- Capps, K.H., John, B. (2008). Employee health & productivity management programs: the use of incentives. A survey of major U.S. employers. The results of the Spring 2008 Health, Wellness & Productivity Programs, Incentives & ROI Impact Survey. Systematic Reviews.
- Cholewa, J.M., Rossi, F.E., MacDonald, C, et al. (2018). The effects of moderate- versus high-load resistance training on muscle growth, body composition, and performance in collegiate women. J Strength Cond Res, 32(6), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002048
- Giles, E.L., Robalino, S., McColl, E., Sniehotta, F.F., Adams, J. (2014). The effectiveness of financial incentives for health behaviour change: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 9(3), e90347. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090347 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090347
- Haff, N., Patel, M.S., Lim, R., Zhu, J., Troxel, A.B., Asch, D.A., Volpp, K.G. (2015). The role of behavioral economic incentive design and demographic characteristics in financial incentive-based approaches to changing health behaviors: a meta-analysis. Am J Health Promot, 29(5), 314–23. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.140714-LIT-333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.140714-LIT-333
- Jenkins, N.D.M., Miramonti, A.A., Hill, E.C., et al. (2017). Greater neural adaptations following high- vs. low-load resistance training. Front Physiol, 8, 331. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00331 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00331
- Lesinski, M., Hortobágyi, T., Muehlbauer, T., Gollhofer, A., Granacher, U. (2015). Dose-response relationships of balance training in healthy young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med, 45, 557–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0284-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0284-5
- Lopes, C.R. Aoki, M.S., Crisp, A.H., et al. (2017). The effect of different resistance training load schemes on strength and body composition in trained men. J Hum Kinet, 58, 177–86. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0081
- Michie, S., Prestwich, A. (2010). Are interventions theory-based? Development of a theory coding scheme. Health Psychol, 29(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016939
- Mitchell, M.S., Goodman, J.M., Alter, D.A., John, L.K., Oh, P.I., Pakosh, M.T., Faulkner, G.E. (2013). Financial incentives for exercise adherence in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med, 45(5), 658–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.06.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.06.017
- Molema, C.C., Wendel-Vos, G.W., Puijk, L., Jensen, J.D., Schuit, A.J., de Wit, G.A. (2016). A systematic review of financial incentives given in the healthcare setting; do they effectively improve physical activity levels? BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil, 8(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-016-0041-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-016-0041-1
- Morton, R.W., Oikawa, S.Y., Wavell, C.G., et al. (2016). Neither load nor systemic hormones determine resistance training-mediated hypertrophy or strength gains in resistance-trained young men. J Appl Physiol, 121(1), 129–38. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00154.2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00154.2016
- Muñoz-MartÃnez, F.A., Rubio-Arias, J., Ramos-Campo, D.J., and Alcaraz, P.E. (2017). Effectiveness of resistance circuit-based training for maximum oxygen uptake and upper-body one-repetition maximum improvements: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med., 47(12), 2553–2568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0773-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0773-4
- Patel, M., Asch, D., Rosin, R., Small, D., Bellamy, S., Eberbach, K., Walters, K., Haff, N., Lee, S., Wesby, L., et al. (2016). Individual versus team-based financial incentives to increase physical activity: a randomized, controlled trial. J Gen Intern Med., 31(7), 746–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-016-3627-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-016-3627-0
- Pollock, M., Fernandes, R.M., Becker, L.A., Featherstone, R., and Hartling, L. (2016). What guidance is available for researchers conducting overviews of reviews of healthcare interventions? A scoping review and qualitative meta summary. Syst. Rev., 5(1), 190. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0367-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0367-5
- Rucker, G., Schwarzer, G., Krahn, U., Konig, J.. (2017). Network meta-analysis using frequentist methods. In R package version 1.2.1.2017.
- Schoenfeld, B.J., Contreras, B., Vigotsky, A.D., Peterson, M.. (2016). Differential effects of heavy versus moderate loads on measures of strength and hypertrophy in resistance-trained men. J Sports Sci Med., 15(4), 715–22.
- Schoenfeld, B.J., Grgic, J., Ogborn, D., Krieger, J.W. (2017). Strength and hypertrophy adaptations between low- vs. high-load resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res., 31(12), 3508–3523. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002200 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002200
- Sterne, J.A.C., Savović, J., Page, M.J., et al. (2019). RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials. BMJ, 366, l4898. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4898 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4898
References
Adams, J., Giles, E.L., McColl, E., Sniehotta, F.F., Carrots. (2014). Sticks and health behaviours: a framework for documenting the complexity of financial incentive interventions to change health behaviours. Health Psychol Rev, 8(3), 286–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2013.848410 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2013.848410
Horsak, B., Artner, D., Baca, A., Pobatschnig, B., Greber-Platzer, S., Nehrer, S., Wondrasch, S. (2015). The effects of a strength and neuromuscular exercise programme for the lower extremity on knee load, pain and function in obese children and adolescents: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. National library of science. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-1091-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-1091-5
Capps, K.H., John, B. (2008). Employee health & productivity management programs: the use of incentives. A survey of major U.S. employers. The results of the Spring 2008 Health, Wellness & Productivity Programs, Incentives & ROI Impact Survey. Systematic Reviews.
Cholewa, J.M., Rossi, F.E., MacDonald, C, et al. (2018). The effects of moderate- versus high-load resistance training on muscle growth, body composition, and performance in collegiate women. J Strength Cond Res, 32(6), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002048
Giles, E.L., Robalino, S., McColl, E., Sniehotta, F.F., Adams, J. (2014). The effectiveness of financial incentives for health behaviour change: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 9(3), e90347. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090347 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090347
Haff, N., Patel, M.S., Lim, R., Zhu, J., Troxel, A.B., Asch, D.A., Volpp, K.G. (2015). The role of behavioral economic incentive design and demographic characteristics in financial incentive-based approaches to changing health behaviors: a meta-analysis. Am J Health Promot, 29(5), 314–23. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.140714-LIT-333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.140714-LIT-333
Jenkins, N.D.M., Miramonti, A.A., Hill, E.C., et al. (2017). Greater neural adaptations following high- vs. low-load resistance training. Front Physiol, 8, 331. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00331 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00331
Lesinski, M., Hortobágyi, T., Muehlbauer, T., Gollhofer, A., Granacher, U. (2015). Dose-response relationships of balance training in healthy young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med, 45, 557–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0284-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0284-5
Lopes, C.R. Aoki, M.S., Crisp, A.H., et al. (2017). The effect of different resistance training load schemes on strength and body composition in trained men. J Hum Kinet, 58, 177–86. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0081
Michie, S., Prestwich, A. (2010). Are interventions theory-based? Development of a theory coding scheme. Health Psychol, 29(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016939
Mitchell, M.S., Goodman, J.M., Alter, D.A., John, L.K., Oh, P.I., Pakosh, M.T., Faulkner, G.E. (2013). Financial incentives for exercise adherence in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med, 45(5), 658–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.06.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.06.017
Molema, C.C., Wendel-Vos, G.W., Puijk, L., Jensen, J.D., Schuit, A.J., de Wit, G.A. (2016). A systematic review of financial incentives given in the healthcare setting; do they effectively improve physical activity levels? BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil, 8(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-016-0041-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-016-0041-1
Morton, R.W., Oikawa, S.Y., Wavell, C.G., et al. (2016). Neither load nor systemic hormones determine resistance training-mediated hypertrophy or strength gains in resistance-trained young men. J Appl Physiol, 121(1), 129–38. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00154.2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00154.2016
Muñoz-MartÃnez, F.A., Rubio-Arias, J., Ramos-Campo, D.J., and Alcaraz, P.E. (2017). Effectiveness of resistance circuit-based training for maximum oxygen uptake and upper-body one-repetition maximum improvements: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med., 47(12), 2553–2568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0773-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0773-4
Patel, M., Asch, D., Rosin, R., Small, D., Bellamy, S., Eberbach, K., Walters, K., Haff, N., Lee, S., Wesby, L., et al. (2016). Individual versus team-based financial incentives to increase physical activity: a randomized, controlled trial. J Gen Intern Med., 31(7), 746–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-016-3627-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-016-3627-0
Pollock, M., Fernandes, R.M., Becker, L.A., Featherstone, R., and Hartling, L. (2016). What guidance is available for researchers conducting overviews of reviews of healthcare interventions? A scoping review and qualitative meta summary. Syst. Rev., 5(1), 190. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0367-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0367-5
Rucker, G., Schwarzer, G., Krahn, U., Konig, J.. (2017). Network meta-analysis using frequentist methods. In R package version 1.2.1.2017.
Schoenfeld, B.J., Contreras, B., Vigotsky, A.D., Peterson, M.. (2016). Differential effects of heavy versus moderate loads on measures of strength and hypertrophy in resistance-trained men. J Sports Sci Med., 15(4), 715–22.
Schoenfeld, B.J., Grgic, J., Ogborn, D., Krieger, J.W. (2017). Strength and hypertrophy adaptations between low- vs. high-load resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res., 31(12), 3508–3523. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002200 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002200
Sterne, J.A.C., Savović, J., Page, M.J., et al. (2019). RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials. BMJ, 366, l4898. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4898 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4898