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COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM: REVITALIZATION OF VILLAGES THROUGH BAMBOO PLANTATION CONSERVATION
Corresponding Author(s) : Suranto .
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 7 No. 2 (2019): March
Abstract
Purpose of the Study: This study aims to explore villages’ revitalization activities through the development of bamboo plantation conservation and by using the Community-Based Tourism (CBT) model within the perspectives of natural conservation, cultural preservation, and economic development.
Methodology: This study employs qualitative methods through interviews and observation of the Papringan market in Temanggung, Central Java, Indonesia. The interview session was conducted among Papringan market management and community members (who are involved in the market’s activities), policymakers, and tourists, through snowball sampling.
Main Findings: The results revealed that the Papringan market was able to revitalize the village and impact nature conservation, cultural preservation, and economic development. The Papringan market was able to sustain the bamboo garden, keep environment green, make use of the bamboo, and transform it into products. The Papringan market community members enable the young generation to inherit the local wisdom and values and introduce their culture to tourists. There is an increase in the community members’ income and progress in the infrastructure, which supports the community’s economic activities.
Applications of this study: Revitalization of villages through bamboo garden conservation provides benefits to stakeholders as it related to the tourist spot of Papringan market, can sustain the natural environment, and add to economic growth.
Novelty/Originality: The study is conducted to conserve the bamboo garden in sustaining the Papringan market as a tourist spot, as it adds value to the community.
Keywords
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- Akwada, D. R., & Akinlabi, E. T. (2016). Economic, Social and Environmental Assessment of Bamboo for Infrastructure Development. International Conference on Infrastructure Development in Africa, (August), 1–15.
- APEC. (2000). 2000 APEC Tourism Ministerial Meeting. Retrieved January 15, 2019, from 2000 website: https://www.apec.org/Meeting-Papers/Sectoral-Ministerial-Meetings/Tourism/2000_tourism
- Babolian Hendijani, R. (2016). Effect of food experience on tourist satisfaction: the case of Indonesia. International Journal of Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Research, 10(3), 272–282. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2015-0030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2015-0030
- Bramwell, B., & Sharman, A. (1999). Collaboration in local tourism policymaking. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 392–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00105-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00105-4
- Choi, S. I., Kang, H. M., Kim, H., Lee, C. H., & Lee, C. K. (2016). A measure for the promotion of mountain ecological villages in South Korea: focus on the national mountain ecological village investigation of 2014. SpringerPlus, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2206-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2206-5
- Contini, C., Polidori, R., & Scarpellini, P. (2009). Agri tourism and rural development: the Low Valdelsa case, Italy. Tourism Review, 64(4), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605370911004557 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/16605370911004557
- Creswell, J. W. (2015). Education Research, Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. In Pearson. Boston.
- Dritsakis, N. (2012). Tourism development and economic growth in seven Mediterranean countries: A panel data approach. Tourism Economics, 18(4), 801–816. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2012.0140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2012.0140
- Fleischer, A., & Tchetchik, A. (2005). Does rural tourism benefit from agriculture? Tourism Management, 26(4), 493–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.10.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.10.003
- Flick, U. (2007). Designing Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849208826
- Gao, J., & Wu, B. (2017). Revitalizing traditional villages through rural tourism: A case study of Yuanjia Village, Shaanxi Province, China. Tourism Management, 63, 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.04.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.04.003
- Garrigós-Simón, F. J., Galdón-Salvador, J. L., & Gil-Pechuán, I. (2015). The economic sustainability of tourism growth through leakage calculation. Tourism Economics, 21(4), 721–739. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2014.0372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2014.0372
- Gezici, F., & Kerimoglu, E. (2010). Culture, tourism and regeneration process in Istanbul. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(3), 252–265. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506181011067637 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17506181011067637
- Grazuleviciute-Vileniske, I., & Urbonas, V. (2014). Urban regeneration in the context of post-soviet transformation: Lithuanian experience. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 15(6), 637–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2014.01.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2014.01.002
- Hall, E. T. (1977). Beyond Culture. New York: Anchor Books.
- Hartman, K. B., Meyer, T., & Scribner, L. L. (2009). Culture cushion: Inherently positive inter-cultural tourist experiences. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(3), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506180910980555 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17506180910980555
- Hornby, A. S., & Wehmier, S. (2005). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English: An International Student’s (7th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Hounnaklang, S. (2016). Concepts, Issues and the Effectiveness of Alternative Tourism Management in Thailand : a Case Study of Plai. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 09(03), 337–348.
- Kiss, A. (2004). Is community-based ecotourism a good use of biodiversity conservation funds? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19(5), 232–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.010
- Klijs, J., Heijman, W., Maris, D. K., & Bryon, J. (2012). Criteria for comparing economic impact models of tourism. Tourism Economics, 18(6), 1175–1202. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2012.0172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2012.0172
- Lane, B., & Kastenholz, E. (2015). Rural tourism: the evolution of practice and research approaches – towards a new generation concept? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(8–9), 1133–1156. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1083997 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1083997
- Leandro, T. D., Shirasuna, R. T., Filgueiras, T. S., & Scatena, V. L. (2016). The utility of Bambusoideae (Poaceae, Poales) leaf blade anatomy for identification and systematics. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 76(3), 708–717. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.01715 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.01715
- Li, Y., Fan, P., & Liu, Y. (2019). What makes better village development in traditional agricultural areas of China? Evidence from long-term observation of typical villages. Habitat International, 83(December 2018), 111–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.11.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.11.006
- Li, Y., Liu, Y., Long, H., & Cui, W. (2014). Community-based rural residential land consolidation and allocation can help to revitalize hollowed villages in traditional agricultural areas of China: Evidence from Dancheng County, Henan Province. Land Use Policy, 39, 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.02.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.02.016
- Long, H., Tu, S., Ge, D., Li, T., & Liu, Y. (2016). The allocation and management of critical resources in rural China under restructuring: Problems and prospects. Journal of Rural Studies, 47, 392–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.03.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.03.011
- Merriam, S. B. (2001). Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
- Nair, V., Hussain, K., Lo, M. C., & Ragavan, N. A. (2015). Benchmarking innovations and new practices in rural tourism development. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 7(5), 530–534. https://doi.org/10.1108/whatt-06-2015-0030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-06-2015-0030
- Nayak, L., & Mishra, S. P. (2016). Prospect of bamboo as a renewable textile fiber, historical overview, labeling, controversies, and regulation. Fashion and Textiles, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-015-0054-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-015-0054-5
- Osman, K. A., & Farahat, B. I. (2017). The conservation of the waterfront of Saida: A model for tourism and culture-led revitalization in valuable areas. HBRC Journal, 14(3), 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2017.02.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2017.02.003
- Prabowo, F. S. A., & Rahadi, R. A. (2015). David vs. Goliath: Uncovering The Future of Traditional Markets in Indonesia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(5), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5p28 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5p28
- Pradono, P., Faisal, B., Adriani, Y., Rikeu, R., & Fajriasanti, R. (2016). Towards Model of Community Economic Empowerment through Tourism Activities in Bogor Regency, West Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 6, 6, 46–49.
- Purwadi, & Purnomo, E. P. (2008). Kamus Sansekerta Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/11065193/Kamus_Bahasa_Sansekerta?auto=download
- Rahadi, R. A. (2012). Factors Related to Repeat Consumption Behaviour: A Case Study in Traditional Market in Bandung and Surrounding Region. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 36(June 2011), 529–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.058
- Rid, W., Ezeuduji, I. O., & Pröbstl-Haider, U. (2014). Segmentation by motivation for rural tourism activities in The Gambia. Tourism Management, 40(2014), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.05.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.05.006
- Saarinen, J. (2007). Contradictions of rural tourism initiatives in rural development contexts: Finnish rural tourism strategy case study. Current Issues in Tourism, 10(1), 96–105. https://doi.org/10.2167/cit287.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2167/cit287.0
- Samadi, Z., Yunus, R. M., & Omar, D. (2012). Evaluating Revitalizing Toolkit towards a Quality Heritage StreetEstablishment. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35(December 2011), 637–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.02.131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.02.131
- Sepe, M., & di Trapani, G. (2010). Cultural tourism and creative regeneration: Two case studies. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(3), 214–227. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506181011067600 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17506181011067600
- Shukla, R., Sumit, G., Sajal, S., Dwivedi, P. K., & Mishra, A. (2012). Medicinal importance of orchids. International Journal of Biopharm & Phytochemical Research, 1(1), 9–15.
- Sukarno, I., Matsumoto, H., Susanti, L., & Kimura, R. (2015). Urban energy consumption in a city of Indonesia: General overview. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 5(1), 360–373.
- Timothy, D. J. (1999). Participatory Planning a View of Tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Research, 26(2), 371–391. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00104-2
- Towner, N. (2015). Surf tourism and sustainable community development in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia: A multiple stakeholder perspective. European Journal of Tourism Research, 11(September 2010), 166–170.
- Tu, S., & Long, H. (2017). Rural restructuring in China: Theory, approaches and research prospect. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 27(10), 1169–1184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-017-1429-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-017-1429-x
- UNWTO. (2018). Why tourism? | World Tourism Organization UNWTO. Retrieved January 15, 2019, from 2018 website: http://www2.unwto.org/content/why-tourism
- Wallace, A. F. C. (1956). Movements Revitalization. 58(2), 264–281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1956.58.2.02a00040
- Yannick, K., Henley, G., & Yiping, L. (2014). International network for bamboo and rattan. In Inbar. Retrieved from https://www.inbar.int/about-inbar/%0Ahttp://files/810/about-inbar.html
- Yeasmin, L., Ali, M. N., Gantait, S., & Chakraborty, S. (2015). Bamboo: an overview on its genetic diversity and characterization. 3 Biotech, 5(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-014-0201-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-014-0201-5
- Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York: The Guilford Press.
- Zadel, Z., & Bogdan, S. (2013). Economic Impact Of Cultural Tourism. UTMS Journal of Economics, 4(3), 355–366. Retrieved from http://utmsjoe.mk/files/Vol. 4 No. 3/1-9B-Zadel_-_Bogdan_Croatia.pdf
- Zeng, Z., Li, X., Zhang, S., & Huang, D. (2017). Characterization of Nano Bamboo Charcoal Drug Delivery System for Eucommia ulmoides Extract and Its Anticancer Effect In vitro. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 13 (51)(July), 498–503. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_256_16
References
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Babolian Hendijani, R. (2016). Effect of food experience on tourist satisfaction: the case of Indonesia. International Journal of Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Research, 10(3), 272–282. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2015-0030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2015-0030
Bramwell, B., & Sharman, A. (1999). Collaboration in local tourism policymaking. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 392–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00105-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00105-4
Choi, S. I., Kang, H. M., Kim, H., Lee, C. H., & Lee, C. K. (2016). A measure for the promotion of mountain ecological villages in South Korea: focus on the national mountain ecological village investigation of 2014. SpringerPlus, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2206-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2206-5
Contini, C., Polidori, R., & Scarpellini, P. (2009). Agri tourism and rural development: the Low Valdelsa case, Italy. Tourism Review, 64(4), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605370911004557 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/16605370911004557
Creswell, J. W. (2015). Education Research, Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. In Pearson. Boston.
Dritsakis, N. (2012). Tourism development and economic growth in seven Mediterranean countries: A panel data approach. Tourism Economics, 18(4), 801–816. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2012.0140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2012.0140
Fleischer, A., & Tchetchik, A. (2005). Does rural tourism benefit from agriculture? Tourism Management, 26(4), 493–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.10.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.10.003
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Garrigós-Simón, F. J., Galdón-Salvador, J. L., & Gil-Pechuán, I. (2015). The economic sustainability of tourism growth through leakage calculation. Tourism Economics, 21(4), 721–739. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2014.0372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2014.0372
Gezici, F., & Kerimoglu, E. (2010). Culture, tourism and regeneration process in Istanbul. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(3), 252–265. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506181011067637 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17506181011067637
Grazuleviciute-Vileniske, I., & Urbonas, V. (2014). Urban regeneration in the context of post-soviet transformation: Lithuanian experience. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 15(6), 637–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2014.01.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2014.01.002
Hall, E. T. (1977). Beyond Culture. New York: Anchor Books.
Hartman, K. B., Meyer, T., & Scribner, L. L. (2009). Culture cushion: Inherently positive inter-cultural tourist experiences. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(3), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506180910980555 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17506180910980555
Hornby, A. S., & Wehmier, S. (2005). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English: An International Student’s (7th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hounnaklang, S. (2016). Concepts, Issues and the Effectiveness of Alternative Tourism Management in Thailand : a Case Study of Plai. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 09(03), 337–348.
Kiss, A. (2004). Is community-based ecotourism a good use of biodiversity conservation funds? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19(5), 232–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.010
Klijs, J., Heijman, W., Maris, D. K., & Bryon, J. (2012). Criteria for comparing economic impact models of tourism. Tourism Economics, 18(6), 1175–1202. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2012.0172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2012.0172
Lane, B., & Kastenholz, E. (2015). Rural tourism: the evolution of practice and research approaches – towards a new generation concept? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(8–9), 1133–1156. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1083997 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1083997
Leandro, T. D., Shirasuna, R. T., Filgueiras, T. S., & Scatena, V. L. (2016). The utility of Bambusoideae (Poaceae, Poales) leaf blade anatomy for identification and systematics. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 76(3), 708–717. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.01715 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.01715
Li, Y., Fan, P., & Liu, Y. (2019). What makes better village development in traditional agricultural areas of China? Evidence from long-term observation of typical villages. Habitat International, 83(December 2018), 111–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.11.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.11.006
Li, Y., Liu, Y., Long, H., & Cui, W. (2014). Community-based rural residential land consolidation and allocation can help to revitalize hollowed villages in traditional agricultural areas of China: Evidence from Dancheng County, Henan Province. Land Use Policy, 39, 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.02.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.02.016
Long, H., Tu, S., Ge, D., Li, T., & Liu, Y. (2016). The allocation and management of critical resources in rural China under restructuring: Problems and prospects. Journal of Rural Studies, 47, 392–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.03.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.03.011
Merriam, S. B. (2001). Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Nair, V., Hussain, K., Lo, M. C., & Ragavan, N. A. (2015). Benchmarking innovations and new practices in rural tourism development. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 7(5), 530–534. https://doi.org/10.1108/whatt-06-2015-0030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-06-2015-0030
Nayak, L., & Mishra, S. P. (2016). Prospect of bamboo as a renewable textile fiber, historical overview, labeling, controversies, and regulation. Fashion and Textiles, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-015-0054-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-015-0054-5
Osman, K. A., & Farahat, B. I. (2017). The conservation of the waterfront of Saida: A model for tourism and culture-led revitalization in valuable areas. HBRC Journal, 14(3), 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2017.02.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2017.02.003
Prabowo, F. S. A., & Rahadi, R. A. (2015). David vs. Goliath: Uncovering The Future of Traditional Markets in Indonesia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(5), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5p28 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5p28
Pradono, P., Faisal, B., Adriani, Y., Rikeu, R., & Fajriasanti, R. (2016). Towards Model of Community Economic Empowerment through Tourism Activities in Bogor Regency, West Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 6, 6, 46–49.
Purwadi, & Purnomo, E. P. (2008). Kamus Sansekerta Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/11065193/Kamus_Bahasa_Sansekerta?auto=download
Rahadi, R. A. (2012). Factors Related to Repeat Consumption Behaviour: A Case Study in Traditional Market in Bandung and Surrounding Region. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 36(June 2011), 529–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.058
Rid, W., Ezeuduji, I. O., & Pröbstl-Haider, U. (2014). Segmentation by motivation for rural tourism activities in The Gambia. Tourism Management, 40(2014), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.05.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.05.006
Saarinen, J. (2007). Contradictions of rural tourism initiatives in rural development contexts: Finnish rural tourism strategy case study. Current Issues in Tourism, 10(1), 96–105. https://doi.org/10.2167/cit287.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2167/cit287.0
Samadi, Z., Yunus, R. M., & Omar, D. (2012). Evaluating Revitalizing Toolkit towards a Quality Heritage StreetEstablishment. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35(December 2011), 637–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.02.131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.02.131
Sepe, M., & di Trapani, G. (2010). Cultural tourism and creative regeneration: Two case studies. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(3), 214–227. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506181011067600 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17506181011067600
Shukla, R., Sumit, G., Sajal, S., Dwivedi, P. K., & Mishra, A. (2012). Medicinal importance of orchids. International Journal of Biopharm & Phytochemical Research, 1(1), 9–15.
Sukarno, I., Matsumoto, H., Susanti, L., & Kimura, R. (2015). Urban energy consumption in a city of Indonesia: General overview. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 5(1), 360–373.
Timothy, D. J. (1999). Participatory Planning a View of Tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Research, 26(2), 371–391. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00104-2
Towner, N. (2015). Surf tourism and sustainable community development in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia: A multiple stakeholder perspective. European Journal of Tourism Research, 11(September 2010), 166–170.
Tu, S., & Long, H. (2017). Rural restructuring in China: Theory, approaches and research prospect. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 27(10), 1169–1184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-017-1429-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-017-1429-x
UNWTO. (2018). Why tourism? | World Tourism Organization UNWTO. Retrieved January 15, 2019, from 2018 website: http://www2.unwto.org/content/why-tourism
Wallace, A. F. C. (1956). Movements Revitalization. 58(2), 264–281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1956.58.2.02a00040
Yannick, K., Henley, G., & Yiping, L. (2014). International network for bamboo and rattan. In Inbar. Retrieved from https://www.inbar.int/about-inbar/%0Ahttp://files/810/about-inbar.html
Yeasmin, L., Ali, M. N., Gantait, S., & Chakraborty, S. (2015). Bamboo: an overview on its genetic diversity and characterization. 3 Biotech, 5(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-014-0201-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-014-0201-5
Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York: The Guilford Press.
Zadel, Z., & Bogdan, S. (2013). Economic Impact Of Cultural Tourism. UTMS Journal of Economics, 4(3), 355–366. Retrieved from http://utmsjoe.mk/files/Vol. 4 No. 3/1-9B-Zadel_-_Bogdan_Croatia.pdf
Zeng, Z., Li, X., Zhang, S., & Huang, D. (2017). Characterization of Nano Bamboo Charcoal Drug Delivery System for Eucommia ulmoides Extract and Its Anticancer Effect In vitro. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 13 (51)(July), 498–503. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_256_16