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VERBAL CLITICS IN ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR
Corresponding Author(s) : Abdul Hamid
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): March
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The present study analyses the interplay of semantics, syntax and pragmatics in Pashto clauses containing verbal clitics (VC) in the light of the Role and Reference framework. It particularly focuses on the relational aspect of the clause. The lexical representation of the predicating elements is presented.
Methodology: The four projections of a Pashto clause i.e., constituent projection, operator projection, logical structure projection and focus structure projection are analyzed in the Role and Reference Grammar theoretical framework.
Main Findings: The findings of the study show that VCs are different from both agreement markers and pronouns with some shared properties. A linking algorithm is proposed for Pashto from semantics to syntax and syntax-to-semantics based on the activation level of the referents.
Applications of this study: The study analyses the discourse pragmatic conditions responsible for the occurrence of VCs in Pashto clause terms of role and reference grammar.
The novelty of this study: The study has novelty in the sense that it describes the structure of the Pashto clause from a discourse pragmatic perspective which has never been investigated in previous studies. The study shows the movement is triggered by both actor (in present) and undergoer (in past) along with syntactic neutralization. The VCs are different from both agreement markers and pronouns with some shared properties identifying dative arguments like arguments and causing doubling like agreement markers and so, are linked to an ‘agreement index’ node.
Keywords
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- Allen, J. L. (2011). A role and reference grammar analysis of Kankanaey [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Heinrich-Heine University.
- Arslan, M. I. (2016). Verbfunktionalität und Ergativität in der Zaza-Sprache [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Heinrich-Heine University.
- Aubrey, M. (2014). The Greek perfect and the categorization of tense and aspect: Toward a descriptive apparatus for operators in Role and Reference Grammar [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Trinity Western University.
- Belloro, V. (2007). Spanish clitic doubling: A study of the syntax-pragmatics interface. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University at Buffalo.
- Bentley, D., Ciconte, F. M., & Cruschina, S. (2013). Micro-variation in subject agreement: The case of existential pivots with a split focus in Romance. Italian Journal of Linguistics, 25(1), 15-43.
- Blake, B. J. (1979). A Kalkatungu grammar. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.
- Bohnemeyer, J., & Van Valin, R. D. (2017). The macro-event property and the layered structure of the clause. International Journal sponsored by the Foundation Foundations of Language, 41(1), 142-197. https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.41.1.05van DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.41.1.05van
- Buysse, M., Housen, A., & Pierrard, M. (2018). A role and reference grammar account of clause linkage development in the second language: An application to English and French. Studia Linguistica, 72(2), 472-508. https://doi.org/10.1111/stul.12067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/stul.12067
- Férez, C. P. (2008). Motion in English and Spanish: A perspective from cognitive linguistics, typology and psycholinguistics. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The University of Murcia.
- Foley, W., & Van Valin, R. D. Jr. (1977). On the viability of the notion of ‘subject’ in universal grammar. BLS 3, 293-320. https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v3i0.3297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v3i0.3297
- Gundel, J., & Hedberg, N. (1993). Cognitive status and the form of referring expressions in discourse. Language 69(2), 274-307. https://doi.org/10.2307/416535 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/416535
- Ibarretxe-Antuñano, I. (2008). Path salience in motion events. In Lieven, E., Ervin-Tripp, S., Guo, J. Budwig, N. Nakamura, K. & ÅzçaliÅŸkan, S. (Eds.), Crosslinguistic approaches to the psychology of language: Research in the Tradition of Dan Isaac Slobin. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Ignatova, S. A. (2008). A functional approach to Bulgarian verbal aspect and reduplication of clitics within the framework of role and reference grammar. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Spain.
- Iqbal, M., & Rahman, G. (2016). A comparative study of Pashto and English consonants. Pashto, 45(1), 11-27.
- Khan, A. A., Khalid, A., and Rahman, G. (2020). Tense driven asymmetries and clitic placement in compound verbs of Pashto language. Global Language Review, 5(1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.31703/glr.2020(V-I).08 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31703/glr.2020(V-I).08
- Khan, A. A., Rahman, G. and Ali, S. S. (2020). Phonological Reduction in Pashto. Global Language Review, 5(3), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.31703/glr.2020(V-III).01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31703/glr.2020(V-III).01
- King, D. (2010). Voice and valence-altering operations in Falam Chin: A role and reference grammar approach. The University of Texas at Arlington.
- Levin, B. (1993). English Verb Classes and Alternations: A preliminary investigation. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
- Mairal, R., et al. (2012). El funcionalismo en la teorÃa lingüÃstica: la Gramática del Papel y la Referencia. Introducción, avances y aplicaciones. Madrid: Akal.
- Muhammad, P. (1996). Da dashte Luth musafar [The traveller of the desert of Sahara]. Alkitab Printer: Peshwar.
- Pourcel, S., & Kopecka, A. (2006). Motion events in French: Typological intricacies. The University of Sussex and Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics.
- Rahman, G., Anees, M., and Khan, A. A. (2020). Topicalization in Pashto. Global Social Science Review, 5(1) 163-171. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(V-I).17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(V-I).17
- Rahman, G. & Bukhari, N. H. (2014). The case system in Pashto: Kashmir Journal of Language Research, 17(1), 173-193.
- Rahman, G., Bukhari, N. H., Ali, A., Din, R. U., & Khan, A. A. (2020). Agreement in Pashto. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 14(11), 1154-1173.
- Rahman, G. Din, R. U., Iqbal, M., and Rashid, H. R. (2017). Cognitive accessibility and referents encoding possibilities. Kashmir Journal of Language Research, 20(2), 37-50.
- Rahman, G., Khan, A. A., Hamid A. Bukhari, N. H. & Ali, A. (2020). Rigidity and flexibility in Pashto. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 14(12), 1313-1323.
- Rahman, G., Rahman, K., Jan, A., Bukhari, N. H., Ahmad, M., Bibi, S. (2021). Personal naming patterns and preferences among Pashto speech community. Multicultural Education, 7(3), 53-62.
- Roberts, T. (2000). Clitics and agreement. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- Shimojo, M. (1995). Focus structure and morphosyntax in Japanese: Wa and Ga, and Word Order Flexibility. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. SUNY at Buffalo.
- Slobin, D. I. (2004). The many ways to search for a frog: Linguistic typology and the expression of motion events. In relating events in narrative: Typological and contextual perspectives in translation. Strömqvist, S., & Verhoeven, L. (Eds.), pp. 219-257. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Talmy, L. (1991). Path to Realisation: A typology of event conflation. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 480-520. https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v17i0.1620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v17i0.1620
- Talmy, L. (2000). Toward a cognitive semantics. MIT Press: Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6848.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6847.001.0001
- Tegey, H. (1977). The grammar of clitics: Evidence from Pashto and other languages. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
- Van Hooste, K. (2018). Instruments and related concepts at the syntax-semantics interface. Düsseldorf University Press GmbH.
- Van Valin, R.D. (1977a). Ergativity and the universality of subjects. CLS 13: 689-706.
- Van Valin, R. D. (1977b). Aspects of Lakhota syntax. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of California, Berkeley.
- Van Valin, R. D. (1981). Grammatical relations in ergative languages. Studies in Language, 5, 361-394. https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.5.3.05van DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.5.3.05van
- Van Valin, R. D. (2004). Semantic macroroles in role and reference grammar. In S. Rollen, R. Kailuweit, & M. Hummel (Eds.) 62-82. Tübingen: Narr.
- Van Valin, R. D. (2005). Exploring the syntax-semantics interface. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610578 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610578.001
- Van Valin, R. D. (2013). Head-marking languages and linguistic theory. John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.104.04val DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.104.04val
References
Allen, J. L. (2011). A role and reference grammar analysis of Kankanaey [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Heinrich-Heine University.
Arslan, M. I. (2016). Verbfunktionalität und Ergativität in der Zaza-Sprache [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Heinrich-Heine University.
Aubrey, M. (2014). The Greek perfect and the categorization of tense and aspect: Toward a descriptive apparatus for operators in Role and Reference Grammar [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Trinity Western University.
Belloro, V. (2007). Spanish clitic doubling: A study of the syntax-pragmatics interface. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University at Buffalo.
Bentley, D., Ciconte, F. M., & Cruschina, S. (2013). Micro-variation in subject agreement: The case of existential pivots with a split focus in Romance. Italian Journal of Linguistics, 25(1), 15-43.
Blake, B. J. (1979). A Kalkatungu grammar. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.
Bohnemeyer, J., & Van Valin, R. D. (2017). The macro-event property and the layered structure of the clause. International Journal sponsored by the Foundation Foundations of Language, 41(1), 142-197. https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.41.1.05van DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.41.1.05van
Buysse, M., Housen, A., & Pierrard, M. (2018). A role and reference grammar account of clause linkage development in the second language: An application to English and French. Studia Linguistica, 72(2), 472-508. https://doi.org/10.1111/stul.12067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/stul.12067
Férez, C. P. (2008). Motion in English and Spanish: A perspective from cognitive linguistics, typology and psycholinguistics. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The University of Murcia.
Foley, W., & Van Valin, R. D. Jr. (1977). On the viability of the notion of ‘subject’ in universal grammar. BLS 3, 293-320. https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v3i0.3297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v3i0.3297
Gundel, J., & Hedberg, N. (1993). Cognitive status and the form of referring expressions in discourse. Language 69(2), 274-307. https://doi.org/10.2307/416535 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/416535
Ibarretxe-Antuñano, I. (2008). Path salience in motion events. In Lieven, E., Ervin-Tripp, S., Guo, J. Budwig, N. Nakamura, K. & ÅzçaliÅŸkan, S. (Eds.), Crosslinguistic approaches to the psychology of language: Research in the Tradition of Dan Isaac Slobin. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ignatova, S. A. (2008). A functional approach to Bulgarian verbal aspect and reduplication of clitics within the framework of role and reference grammar. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Spain.
Iqbal, M., & Rahman, G. (2016). A comparative study of Pashto and English consonants. Pashto, 45(1), 11-27.
Khan, A. A., Khalid, A., and Rahman, G. (2020). Tense driven asymmetries and clitic placement in compound verbs of Pashto language. Global Language Review, 5(1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.31703/glr.2020(V-I).08 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31703/glr.2020(V-I).08
Khan, A. A., Rahman, G. and Ali, S. S. (2020). Phonological Reduction in Pashto. Global Language Review, 5(3), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.31703/glr.2020(V-III).01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31703/glr.2020(V-III).01
King, D. (2010). Voice and valence-altering operations in Falam Chin: A role and reference grammar approach. The University of Texas at Arlington.
Levin, B. (1993). English Verb Classes and Alternations: A preliminary investigation. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
Mairal, R., et al. (2012). El funcionalismo en la teorÃa lingüÃstica: la Gramática del Papel y la Referencia. Introducción, avances y aplicaciones. Madrid: Akal.
Muhammad, P. (1996). Da dashte Luth musafar [The traveller of the desert of Sahara]. Alkitab Printer: Peshwar.
Pourcel, S., & Kopecka, A. (2006). Motion events in French: Typological intricacies. The University of Sussex and Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics.
Rahman, G., Anees, M., and Khan, A. A. (2020). Topicalization in Pashto. Global Social Science Review, 5(1) 163-171. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(V-I).17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(V-I).17
Rahman, G. & Bukhari, N. H. (2014). The case system in Pashto: Kashmir Journal of Language Research, 17(1), 173-193.
Rahman, G., Bukhari, N. H., Ali, A., Din, R. U., & Khan, A. A. (2020). Agreement in Pashto. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 14(11), 1154-1173.
Rahman, G. Din, R. U., Iqbal, M., and Rashid, H. R. (2017). Cognitive accessibility and referents encoding possibilities. Kashmir Journal of Language Research, 20(2), 37-50.
Rahman, G., Khan, A. A., Hamid A. Bukhari, N. H. & Ali, A. (2020). Rigidity and flexibility in Pashto. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 14(12), 1313-1323.
Rahman, G., Rahman, K., Jan, A., Bukhari, N. H., Ahmad, M., Bibi, S. (2021). Personal naming patterns and preferences among Pashto speech community. Multicultural Education, 7(3), 53-62.
Roberts, T. (2000). Clitics and agreement. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Shimojo, M. (1995). Focus structure and morphosyntax in Japanese: Wa and Ga, and Word Order Flexibility. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. SUNY at Buffalo.
Slobin, D. I. (2004). The many ways to search for a frog: Linguistic typology and the expression of motion events. In relating events in narrative: Typological and contextual perspectives in translation. Strömqvist, S., & Verhoeven, L. (Eds.), pp. 219-257. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Talmy, L. (1991). Path to Realisation: A typology of event conflation. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 480-520. https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v17i0.1620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v17i0.1620
Talmy, L. (2000). Toward a cognitive semantics. MIT Press: Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6848.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6847.001.0001
Tegey, H. (1977). The grammar of clitics: Evidence from Pashto and other languages. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Van Hooste, K. (2018). Instruments and related concepts at the syntax-semantics interface. Düsseldorf University Press GmbH.
Van Valin, R.D. (1977a). Ergativity and the universality of subjects. CLS 13: 689-706.
Van Valin, R. D. (1977b). Aspects of Lakhota syntax. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of California, Berkeley.
Van Valin, R. D. (1981). Grammatical relations in ergative languages. Studies in Language, 5, 361-394. https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.5.3.05van DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.5.3.05van
Van Valin, R. D. (2004). Semantic macroroles in role and reference grammar. In S. Rollen, R. Kailuweit, & M. Hummel (Eds.) 62-82. Tübingen: Narr.
Van Valin, R. D. (2005). Exploring the syntax-semantics interface. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610578 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610578.001
Van Valin, R. D. (2013). Head-marking languages and linguistic theory. John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.104.04val DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.104.04val