Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose of the study: Haptic technology, which can qualitatively expand virtual or augmented reality experiences beyond the sensation of the ear and eye, is realized by electrical and mechanical stimulation of afferent nerves or mechanoreceptors. In this review, researchers highlight the biological basis for sensation and suggest the advanced direction in the electric tactile-based haptic system using low impedance materials.
Methodology: Conductive polymer called “Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)†was examined for chemical properties and biocompatibility.
Main Findings: Study of PEDOT:PSS shows the superior property in terms of deformability and electrical performance for developing the low-impedance, skin-like haptic interfaces.
Implications: To provide wear- comfort, skin-like technologies that impose a negligible physical burden on the user should be used. The mainstream of haptic technology involves the development of a system that could provide myriads of sensations to the skin through not only to the fingertips but also to some or all regions of the body.
Novelty: Researchers also provide the strategy to impart skin-like property as well as low impedance using hydrogel polymer which is desirable in wearable haptic systems.
Keywords
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References
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- Fu F., Wang J., Zeng H., Yu J. (2020). Functional Conductive Hydrogels for Bioelectronics. ACS Materials Letters, 2, 1287. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.0c00309
- Han L., Liu K., Wang M., Wang K., Fang L., Chen H., Zhou J., Lu X. (2017). Mussel-Inspired Adhesive and Conductive Hydrogel with Long-Lasting Moisture and Extreme Temperature Tolerance. Advanced Functional Materials, 3, 1704195.https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201704195
- Lim C., Hong Y., Jung J., Shin Y., Sunwoo S., Baik S., Park O., Choi S., Hyeon T., Kim J., Lee S., Kim D. (2021). Tissue-like skin-device interface for wearable bioelectronics by using ultrasoft, mass-permeable, and low-impedance hydrogels. Science Advances, 7, eabd3716. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3716
- Lu B., Yuk H., Lin S., Jian N., Qu K., Xu J., Zhao X. (2019). Pure PEDOT:PSS hydrogels. nature communications, 10, 1043. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09003-5, PMid:30837483 PMCid:PMC6401010
- Schander A., Teßmann T., Strokov S., Stemmann H., Kreiter A., Lang W. (2016). In-vitro Evaluation of the Long-term Stability of PEDOT:PSS Coated Microelectrodes for Chronic Recording and Electrical Stimulation of Neurons. IEEE, 2016, 6174. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2016.7592138
- Sharma S., Tiwari S. (2020). A review on biomacromolecular hydrogel classification and its applications. ScienceDirect, 162, 737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.110
- Teo M., RaviChandran N., Kim N., Kee S., Stuart S., Aw K., Stringer J. (2019). Direct Patterning of Highly Conductive PEDOT:PSS/Ionic Liquid Hydrogel via Microreactive Inkjet Printing. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 11, 37069. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b12069
- Thaning E., Asplund M., Nyburg T., Ingana ̈s O., Holst H. (2010). Stability of Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) Materials Intended for Implants. Wiley Online Library, 2, 407. https://doi.org/1 0.1002/jbm.b.31597
- Yang Y., Deng H., Fu Q. (2020). Recent progress on PEDOT:PSS based polymer blends and composites for flexible electronics and thermoelectric devices. Materials Chemistry Frontiers, 4, 3130. https://doi.or g/10.1039/D0QM00308E
References
Asplund M., Thaning E., Lundberg J., Nordqvist A., Kostyszyn B., Ingana ̈s O., Holst H. (2009). Toxicity evaluation of PEDOT/biomolecular composites intended for neural communication electrodes. Biomedical Materials, 4, 045009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/4/4/045009
Athukorala S., Tran T., Balu R., Truong V., Chapman J., Dutta N., Choudhury N. (2021). 3D Printable Electrically Conductive Hydrogel Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications: A Review. Polymers, 13, 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13030474
Fan X., Nie W., Tsai H., Wang N., Huang H., Cheng Y., Wen R., Ma L., Yan F., Xia Y. (2019). PEDOT:PSS for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics: Modifications, Strategies, and Applications. Advanced Science, 6, 1900813. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201900813
Fu F., Wang J., Zeng H., Yu J. (2020). Functional Conductive Hydrogels for Bioelectronics. ACS Materials Letters, 2, 1287. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.0c00309
Han L., Liu K., Wang M., Wang K., Fang L., Chen H., Zhou J., Lu X. (2017). Mussel-Inspired Adhesive and Conductive Hydrogel with Long-Lasting Moisture and Extreme Temperature Tolerance. Advanced Functional Materials, 3, 1704195.https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201704195
Lim C., Hong Y., Jung J., Shin Y., Sunwoo S., Baik S., Park O., Choi S., Hyeon T., Kim J., Lee S., Kim D. (2021). Tissue-like skin-device interface for wearable bioelectronics by using ultrasoft, mass-permeable, and low-impedance hydrogels. Science Advances, 7, eabd3716. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3716
Lu B., Yuk H., Lin S., Jian N., Qu K., Xu J., Zhao X. (2019). Pure PEDOT:PSS hydrogels. nature communications, 10, 1043. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09003-5, PMid:30837483 PMCid:PMC6401010
Schander A., Teßmann T., Strokov S., Stemmann H., Kreiter A., Lang W. (2016). In-vitro Evaluation of the Long-term Stability of PEDOT:PSS Coated Microelectrodes for Chronic Recording and Electrical Stimulation of Neurons. IEEE, 2016, 6174. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2016.7592138
Sharma S., Tiwari S. (2020). A review on biomacromolecular hydrogel classification and its applications. ScienceDirect, 162, 737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.110
Teo M., RaviChandran N., Kim N., Kee S., Stuart S., Aw K., Stringer J. (2019). Direct Patterning of Highly Conductive PEDOT:PSS/Ionic Liquid Hydrogel via Microreactive Inkjet Printing. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 11, 37069. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b12069
Thaning E., Asplund M., Nyburg T., Ingana ̈s O., Holst H. (2010). Stability of Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) Materials Intended for Implants. Wiley Online Library, 2, 407. https://doi.org/1 0.1002/jbm.b.31597
Yang Y., Deng H., Fu Q. (2020). Recent progress on PEDOT:PSS based polymer blends and composites for flexible electronics and thermoelectric devices. Materials Chemistry Frontiers, 4, 3130. https://doi.or g/10.1039/D0QM00308E