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TEACHER EDUCATION: A STANDARDS-BASED ANALYSIS
Corresponding Author(s) : Aman Ullah
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This article aims to critically discuss the standards-based approach to language teacher education which was very popular initially in Britain and later in other parts of the world where it started to be followed as an ideal model for language teacher education. Given its popularity, a need was identified to have a critical appraisal of this popular approach for the benefit of the relevant stakeholders.
Methodology: For this purpose, this analytical article throws light on both the strengths and weaknesses of this approach through a review of other relevant empirical studies set in different educational contexts as stored in different databases and draws from a range of studies to evaluate and summarise the issues about the standards-based approach to language teacher education.
Main Findings: In light of the review findings, it is found and suggested that the standards-based approach should not have completely relied upon teacher education programs. Teacher education must be conceived of not as the experience and interpretation of a pre-determined prescribed pedagogic practice. However, if adopted in any way, the weaknesses of the standards-based approach can be mitigated if used in combination with other approaches.
Applications of this study: This study will provide stakeholders with a better understanding of the purpose and benefits of the implementation of a standards-based approach in a student-centred classroom.
The originality of this study: This study seems valuable as there exist quite limited studies, especially the recent ones, on the said topic, therefore, this study might seem to be beneficial for the relevant stakeholders who are interested in the implementation of a standards-based approach in a student-centred classroom.
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- Ashworth, P. D., & Saxton, J. (1990). On ‘Competence’. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 14(2), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877900140201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877900140201
- ATESOL. (2003). Draft NSW professional teaching standards working draft for consultation. Association of Teachers of English to speakers of other languages.
- Bellis. (1997). An interpretation of competence. People Dynamics. 15(1), 32-33. People Dynamics, 15(1), 32-33.
- Biggs, J. (1994). Learning outcomes: competence or expertise? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Vocational Education Research, 2(1), 1-18.
- Blunden, R. (1996). The Mind Dependency of Vocational Skills. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 48(2), 167-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/1363682960480205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1363682960480205
- Bowden, J. A., & Masters, G. N. (1993). Implications for higher education of a competency-based approach to education and training.
- Chappell, C. (1996). Quality & competency based education and training. Paper presented at the The Literacy Equation: Competence= Capability? National Conference of the Australian Council for Adult Literacy Conference Papers (Queensland, Australia, November 7-9.
- Chappell, C., Gonczi, A., & Hager, P. (1995). Competency-based education. In G. Foley (Ed.), Understanding adult education and training Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
- Erridge, A., & Perry, S. (1994). The Validity and Value of National Vocational Qualifications: the case of purchasing. The Vocational Aspect of Education, 46(2), 139-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305787940460204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0305787940460204
- Evans, K. (1995). Competence and Citizenship: Towards a Complementary Model for Times of Critical Social Change. British Journal of Education & Work, 8(2), 14-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269000950080202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269000950080202
- Gauthier, C., Raymond, D., & Martinet, M. A. (2001). Teacher training: orientations, professional competencies (State or province government publication: English ed.). QueÌbec (Province). MinisteÌ€re de l'eÌducation: MinisteÌ€re de l'eÌducation, ©2001.
- Glendenning, D. (1983). Competency-based education and lifelong learning. Canada.
- Gonczi, A. (1997). Future Directions for Vocational Education in Australian Secondary Schools. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Vocational Education Research, 5(1), 77-108.
- Heneman III, H. G., Milanowski, A., Kimball, S., & Odden, A. (2006). Standards-based teacher evaluation as a foundation for knowledge and skill-based pay. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.12698/cpre.2013.rb45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12698/cpre.2013.rb45
- Hodge, S. (2007). The Origins of Competency-Based Training. Australian Journal of adult learning, 47(2), 179-209.
- Hyland, T. (1991). Professionalism, competence and teaching in post-school education. education and training, 45.
- Hyland, T. (1994). Competence, education and NVQs: Dissenting perspectives: Cassell London.
- Jackson, N. (1993). If competence is the answer, what is the question? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Vocational Education Research, 1(1), 46-60.
- Kerka, S. (1998). Competency-Based Education and Training. Myths and Realities.
- Louden, W., & Wallace, J. (1993). Competency standards in teaching: exploring the case. Unicorn, 19(1), 45-53.
- Lucas, N. (2004). Using work-based learning to rethink initial teacher education programmes for adult and further education teachers: Beyond a standards-based model and the importance of knowledge. The University of London.
- MACTEQ. (1994). Desirable attributes of beginning teachers. Sydney.
- Mayer, D., Mitchell, J., Macdonald, D., Land, R., & Luke, A. (2003). From personal reflection to the professional community: Education Queensland Professional Standards for Teachers Evaluation of the 2002 Pilot. Brisbane, Queensland: Department of Education. Retrieved April 15, 2004.
- Melton, R. F. (1994). Competences in perspective. Educational Research, 36(3), 285-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013188940360307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0013188940360307
- Mulcahy, D., & James, P. (2000). Evaluating the contribution of competency-based training: an enterprise perspective. International Journal of Training and Development, 4(3), 160-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2419.00105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2419.00105
- Murray, J. (2009). Teacher competencies in the post-method landscape: The limits of competency-based training in TESOL teacher education.
- NCVER. (2001). Ausralian Apprenticeships. Facts, and Future Adelaide.
- NFST. (2003). A consultative paper. Melbourne: : Melbourne: TQELT Secretariat.
- NRGTSP. (2003). Statement from the Teaching Profession on Teacher Standards Quality and Professionalis. Canberra: Australian College of Educators.
- Porter, P., Rizvi, F., Knight, J., & Lingard, R. (1992). Competencies for a clever country: Building a house of cards? Unicorn, 18(3), 50-58.
- Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2014). Approaches and methods in language teaching: Cambridge university press.
- Tomlison, C. A. (2000). Reconclable Difference ? Standart based teaching and Differentitation (Vol. 58).
- Toohey, S., Ryan, G., McLean, J., & Hughes, C. (1995). Assessing competency-based education and training: a literature review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Vocational Education Research, 3(2), 86-117.
- UDACE. (1989). Understanding competence: a development paper. Leicester Retrieved from NIACE.
- Van der Merwe, R., & Potgieter, T. (2002). Assessment in the workplace: a competency-based approach. SA Journal of industrial psychology, 28(1), 60-66. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v28i1.31 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v28i1.31
- Whitty, G. (1994). Deprofessionalising teaching?: Recent developments in teacher education in England.
References
Ashworth, P. D., & Saxton, J. (1990). On ‘Competence’. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 14(2), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877900140201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877900140201
ATESOL. (2003). Draft NSW professional teaching standards working draft for consultation. Association of Teachers of English to speakers of other languages.
Bellis. (1997). An interpretation of competence. People Dynamics. 15(1), 32-33. People Dynamics, 15(1), 32-33.
Biggs, J. (1994). Learning outcomes: competence or expertise? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Vocational Education Research, 2(1), 1-18.
Blunden, R. (1996). The Mind Dependency of Vocational Skills. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 48(2), 167-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/1363682960480205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1363682960480205
Bowden, J. A., & Masters, G. N. (1993). Implications for higher education of a competency-based approach to education and training.
Chappell, C. (1996). Quality & competency based education and training. Paper presented at the The Literacy Equation: Competence= Capability? National Conference of the Australian Council for Adult Literacy Conference Papers (Queensland, Australia, November 7-9.
Chappell, C., Gonczi, A., & Hager, P. (1995). Competency-based education. In G. Foley (Ed.), Understanding adult education and training Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Erridge, A., & Perry, S. (1994). The Validity and Value of National Vocational Qualifications: the case of purchasing. The Vocational Aspect of Education, 46(2), 139-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305787940460204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0305787940460204
Evans, K. (1995). Competence and Citizenship: Towards a Complementary Model for Times of Critical Social Change. British Journal of Education & Work, 8(2), 14-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269000950080202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269000950080202
Gauthier, C., Raymond, D., & Martinet, M. A. (2001). Teacher training: orientations, professional competencies (State or province government publication: English ed.). QueÌbec (Province). MinisteÌ€re de l'eÌducation: MinisteÌ€re de l'eÌducation, ©2001.
Glendenning, D. (1983). Competency-based education and lifelong learning. Canada.
Gonczi, A. (1997). Future Directions for Vocational Education in Australian Secondary Schools. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Vocational Education Research, 5(1), 77-108.
Heneman III, H. G., Milanowski, A., Kimball, S., & Odden, A. (2006). Standards-based teacher evaluation as a foundation for knowledge and skill-based pay. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.12698/cpre.2013.rb45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12698/cpre.2013.rb45
Hodge, S. (2007). The Origins of Competency-Based Training. Australian Journal of adult learning, 47(2), 179-209.
Hyland, T. (1991). Professionalism, competence and teaching in post-school education. education and training, 45.
Hyland, T. (1994). Competence, education and NVQs: Dissenting perspectives: Cassell London.
Jackson, N. (1993). If competence is the answer, what is the question? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Vocational Education Research, 1(1), 46-60.
Kerka, S. (1998). Competency-Based Education and Training. Myths and Realities.
Louden, W., & Wallace, J. (1993). Competency standards in teaching: exploring the case. Unicorn, 19(1), 45-53.
Lucas, N. (2004). Using work-based learning to rethink initial teacher education programmes for adult and further education teachers: Beyond a standards-based model and the importance of knowledge. The University of London.
MACTEQ. (1994). Desirable attributes of beginning teachers. Sydney.
Mayer, D., Mitchell, J., Macdonald, D., Land, R., & Luke, A. (2003). From personal reflection to the professional community: Education Queensland Professional Standards for Teachers Evaluation of the 2002 Pilot. Brisbane, Queensland: Department of Education. Retrieved April 15, 2004.
Melton, R. F. (1994). Competences in perspective. Educational Research, 36(3), 285-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013188940360307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0013188940360307
Mulcahy, D., & James, P. (2000). Evaluating the contribution of competency-based training: an enterprise perspective. International Journal of Training and Development, 4(3), 160-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2419.00105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2419.00105
Murray, J. (2009). Teacher competencies in the post-method landscape: The limits of competency-based training in TESOL teacher education.
NCVER. (2001). Ausralian Apprenticeships. Facts, and Future Adelaide.
NFST. (2003). A consultative paper. Melbourne: : Melbourne: TQELT Secretariat.
NRGTSP. (2003). Statement from the Teaching Profession on Teacher Standards Quality and Professionalis. Canberra: Australian College of Educators.
Porter, P., Rizvi, F., Knight, J., & Lingard, R. (1992). Competencies for a clever country: Building a house of cards? Unicorn, 18(3), 50-58.
Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2014). Approaches and methods in language teaching: Cambridge university press.
Tomlison, C. A. (2000). Reconclable Difference ? Standart based teaching and Differentitation (Vol. 58).
Toohey, S., Ryan, G., McLean, J., & Hughes, C. (1995). Assessing competency-based education and training: a literature review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Vocational Education Research, 3(2), 86-117.
UDACE. (1989). Understanding competence: a development paper. Leicester Retrieved from NIACE.
Van der Merwe, R., & Potgieter, T. (2002). Assessment in the workplace: a competency-based approach. SA Journal of industrial psychology, 28(1), 60-66. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v28i1.31 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v28i1.31
Whitty, G. (1994). Deprofessionalising teaching?: Recent developments in teacher education in England.